Quadratics Relationships
By: Hemant Bhanot
Introduction To Quadratics
The graph of a quadratic relationship will always be a parabola. A parabola has three main parts.
1) Vertex - Vertex determines where the graph changes direction. Its written in form of (x,y)
2) Optimal Value- The optimal Value is the y value of vertex. (x,y). This determines the maximum or minimum value of the graph.
3) Axis of symmetry- AOS is he x value of the vertex (x,y) and is an imaginary line that passes through center of graph splitting it into two equal parts.
How to determine a quadratic relationship?
(A)Firstly the most easiest to determine is by looking at the graph (if provided) and see a curve of bit or a parabola.
(B)If not given a graph and given the table of values we could determine a quadratic by:
1) Calculating the first differences. This is done by subtracting the second y value with first, so it goes y2-y1. Doing this consecutively will give the first differences.
2) Then if the first differences aren't the same then subtract the first differences tog et 2nd differences. If second differences turn out to be the same then its quadratic relationship.
As you can see in the example the second differences are the same meaning graphing it will create a quadratic relation.
Vertex Form of Quadratic Relationsip
Vertex Form: y=a(x-h)2+k
This equation tells us the form/shape of the parabola, where the parabola will change direction and where will it be located.
1) The (-h) value of the vertex form tells us where the parabola will move horizontally. If h value if negative then the parabola will move right ( meaning if h is negative then vertex will be h,k) whereas if value of h is positive then parabola will move left ( meaning if h is positive then vertex will be -h,k)
2) The value of k represents the movement of parabola vertically, meaning when k is negative the parabola will start at value of below 0 in y axis whereas if its positive then graph will start at value of above 0 in y axis.
3) The a value in vertex form represents stretch or compression of a parabola, basically the form/shape. It also determines whether parabola will open down or up. ( when a is negative parabola open down when a is positive parabola open up)
How to graph vertex form?
There are two ways to graph vertex form, mapping notation and step pattern.
These videos show both ways how to graph vertex form.
Solving for x and y intercepts -Vertex Form
Solving for x and y intercepts in vertex form
The image gives a example of solved y and x intercepts.
These were steps followed:
(A)Y intercept sub x=0 to solve for y
1) Expand the integers inside the bracket to get 4
2) Multiply the 4 with negative to get -4 then
3) Add 25 to -4 to get 21 as y intercept.
(B) for x intercepts sub in y=0
1) Take k value to other then switch signs (25 to -25)
2) Divide the a value with both sides of equations (-25/-1=25)
2) Square root the both sides then separate to two parts because any positive number can be square rooted by negative numbers and positive numbers.
3) then solve the two separate sides to get x intercepts.
Factored Form of quadratic Relationships
Factored Form: a(x-r)(x-2)
A value of factored form is the form/shape of the parabola. It also tells direction of opening of the parabola.
R and S are the x intercepts/zeros/roots of the parabola.
Multiplying binomials ( expanding)
We could multiply binomials by using FOIL.
(a+b)(c+d)= ac+ad+bc+bd Example1-
There are also special products :
(a+b)(a-b)=a2-b2 example 2-
There are also perfect square trinomials example 3-
(a+b)2=a2+2ab+b2
(a-b)2=a2-2ab+b2
Factoring
First main step of factoring is to identify whether you can GCF first.
For example in equation: 2x+2b you can GCF the 2
Second step is to identify how many terms are left in bracket after GCF is complete.
Two terms
If there are two terms in a equation use GCF or common factoring method which is:
Example1-
14m+21n------- GCF of 7
7(2m+3n)
Example2-
13ab-7ac------ Since coefficients cannot be factored try the variables.
a(13b-7c)
Three Terms
If there are 3 terms identify what type of trinomial it is
1) Complex trinomial
2) Simple trinomial
Complex trinomial example
This equation is in standard form so we need to factor it to get factored form.
6x2-19x+10 Product (ac) Sum -19(b)
6x2-4x-15x+10 -4(-15) - 4-15
2x(3x-2)-5(3x-2)
(2x-5)(3x-2)
Simple Trinomial Example
Rules: If c is negative then one of r and s is going to negative
If both c and b are positive then both r and s going to positive
If b is negative then r and s going to both negative.
Example x2+4x-5
Product -1+5=4
Sum -1X5
Therefore (x-1)(x+5)
Four terms
If you have four terms then you could factor by grouping
This means factoring first two variables and second two variables separately
This involves first using grouping to get factored form then using binomial common factoring to get final answer:
Solving for X intercepts and Graphing the Relation.
Standard Form of Quadratics Relationship
Standard Form: ax2+bx+c
1) Completing the square
2) Quadratic Formula
3) Discriminat
4) Graphing the relationship
These are four main parts of this unit.
In standard form the c value of the equation tells y intercept.
the a value of the form tells us the form/shape of the parabola.
Completing the Square
To complete the square
1) First check out for co efficient on a value if there is one divide the coefficient from both a and b values.
2) then the remaining the b vale do (b/2) squared.
3) Put the number in negative and positive value then take the negative number outside and you will get your k value in vertex form.
Quadratic Formula
Discriminat b2-4ac
Rules:
If discriminat is equal to zero then there will be one x intercept to the equation.
Example
D=b2-4ac
D=(4)2-4(1)(4)
D=16-16
D=0
If discriminat is greater than zero then there will be two x intercepts to the equation
Example
D=(4)2-4(1)(1)
D=16-4
D=11
If discriminat is lesser than zero then no solutions.
D=(4)2-4(3)(3)
D=16-36
D=-20
Graphing the relationship
Here are some examples of word problems in the unit.
Examples
First question is a profit question where it asked to find the maximum profit. To complete this I used completing the square method to find the vertex to give the maximum profit.
Second one is a triangle question where it asked to solve for two sides when hypotenuse was given.
Connections between different forms
First main connection between standard form and vertex form was that bx term in standard form was the axis of symmetry in vertex form meaning to check if I did vertex form correct I would check my answer from original equation. Now there were multiple ways to solve for x intercepts, because vertex form to standard then quadratic formula would give x intercepts but then vertex to standard then standard to factoring would give solutions as well. There were also now multiple ways to solve for vertex. In total all of the form are much needed for each other because one form alone wouldn't give all appropriate information required, so all of them are connected.