Quadratic Relationship
by: Malika Ramesh
What are Quadratics?
There are 3 different types of equations:
1. factored form a(x-r)(x-s)
2.standard form ax^2+bx-c
3.vertex form a(x-h)^2+k
Key features of Quadratic Relations
- Vertex- the max or min point on your graph, which is where the parabola will change its direction.
- Maximum/Minimum value- the maximum or minimum value on your graph is decided by the direction your parabola is placed in. If your parabola looks like a U then the vertex will determine the minimum value, if your parabola looks like a upside down U then the vertex will determine the maximum value.
- Axis of Symmetry- the axis of symmetry (A.O.S) is exactly half of the parabola. the A.O.S will run through the middle of the vertex dividing the parabola into 2 halves.
the A.O.S is represented by the h value.
- Optimal Value- the optimal value is the y value of the vertex.
Finding First and Second Differences
Step 1
Step 2
step 3
step 4
Step 5
Transformations of Quadratics
- the a in the formula determines if the the parabola will stretch or be compressed. If the a value is positive, then your parabola will open upwards. If the a value is negative then your parabola will open downwards.
- the h value in the formula represents the horizontal translation. it will decide whether the parabola will move towards the right or the left . If the h value is positive, it will move left. If the h value is negative, then it will move towards the right.
- the k value will represent the vertical translation. The vertical translation is whether the parabola will move up on the y-axis or down. If the k value is positive then your parabola will move up, if the k value is a negative number then your parabola will move downwards.
- (h,k) represents the vertex of the parabola. Make sure you change the h value to the opposite sign. For example:
(h,k) = (+6,+9)
Graphing Vertex Form using transformation
IMPORTANT!!
Graphing with Step Pattern
step 1: 1 x a
step 2: 3 x a
step 3: 5 x a
then with the product received after doing steps 1-3, plot your point by either going to the right by 1 or to the left by 1. The products from step 1-3 will determine how many spaces up or down the points will move.
Finding x and y intercepts in Vertex Form
Finding x intercept
Finding y intercept
Solving vertex word problems
In the vertex the h value represents the time and the k value represents the height.
a) what is the maximum height of the football?
the maximum height of the would be the k value because the k value represents the vertical placement of our parabola. Therefore our maximum height would be 5.9m of the football being kicked.
b)how long did it take the football to get there?
the maximum time would be the h value because the h value represents the horizontal placement on our parabola and normally time is on the x-axis therefore the h value will represent the max time. Max time is 5 seconds.
2nd word problem (Profit)
Factored Form
Multiplying Binomials (expanding)
you must be asking what is FOIL and how can it help?
FOIL stands for:
First
Outside
Inside
Last
there are also special cases:
Perfect Squares
(a+b)^2= a^2+2ab+b^2
Difference of Squares
(a+b)(a-b)=a^2-b^2
Common Factoring (OPPOSITE OF EXPANDING!)
step 1: Find GCF (Greatest Common Factor)
step 2: Write solution with brackets
example:
(8x+6) GCF= 2
2(4x+3)
Factor Simple Trinomial
for example:
x^2+7x+12 would equal (x+3)(x+4) after being factored.
when you want to factor a polynomial of the form x^2+bx+c (when a=1), you want to find:
1) 2 numbers that add to give b
2) 2 numbers that multiply to give c
Factoring Complex Trinomials
*Before you can start factoring complex trinomials you must know how to*:
- Binomial common factoring
-factor by grouping
Example #1: Binomial common factoring
remember: Binomial can be a common factor
Factor: 3x(2-2) + 2(2-2)
= (2-2) (3x+2)
Example #2: Factor by grouping
remember: there is never a common factor in all terms, but you can group terms that have common factors
factor:
df+ef+dg+eg
(df+ef_dg+eg)
=f(d+e)+g(d+e) *make sure the 2 brackets are the same*
=(d+e)(f+g) *factor out binomials*
Factoring Special Quadratics
1,4,9,16,25,36,49,64,81,100,121,144 etc these numbers are all perfect squares
Factoring a difference of Squares:
factor: 9x^2-1b *apply (a+b)(a-b)=a^2-b^2*
a=squareroot of 9x^2= 3x
b = squareroot of 16=4
Graphing Quadratics in Factored Form y=a(x-r)(x-s)
to solve a equation that involves anytype of factoring you must make one side equal to 0
x^2-3x-28=0
-7x4=-28
-7+4=-3
(x-7)(x+4)=0 *inorder to solve for x you must set each bracket equals to 0*
^ ^
x-7=0 x+4=0
x=7 x=-4
^^^^^^^^^^^
roots or zeros
How do you graph using the x-intercepts? How do you find the vertex?
A.O.S- ( x value of vertex)
A.O.S= -3+9
2
=6/2
x =3
A.O.S=( y value of vertex)
y=0.5(3+3)(3-9)
y=0.5x6x-6
y=-18
after doing these 2 steps you can confirm your vertex as (3,-18)
Maximum and Minimum values
step 1: group the x^2 and the x term together
step 2: complete the square inside the bracket given in the equation
step 3: write the trinomal as a binomial squared
example
y=x^2+8x+5
y=(x^2+8x+16-16)+5
y=(x+4)^2-11
The Quadratic Formula
2a