Contemporary Voices in Secondary
Ideas for the English and NBE Classroom
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Resources for Your Consideration
Culturally Relevant Aboriginal Education - Bell, Brant
"Provides teacher candidates and in-service teachers with relevant information to help them integrate Aboriginal, First Nations, Metis, and Inuit content, customs, and traditions into the classroom, providing students with a broader perspective of Canada and its population. Teachers need to be creative, dynamic and sensitive when developing teaching approaches and programs on this topic, and the underlying purpose of this module is to extend the skills and knowledge of teachers in the teaching of Aboriginal children and the teaching about Aboriginal people."
Indigenous Knowledges in Global Contexts -ed Dei, Hall, Roseberg
"Indigenous knowledges are understood as the commonsense ideas and cultural knowledges of local peoples concerning the everyday realities of living. They ecompass the cultural traditions, values, belief systems, and world views that, in any indigenous society, are imparted to the younger generation by community elders. They also refer to world views that are products of a direct experience of nature and its relationship with the social world."
Look to the Mountain - Cajete
Abstract: "This book explores the nature of indigenous education, outlining key elements of American Indian perspectives on learning and teaching. It advocates dev.iloping a contemporary, culturally based, educational process fc,inded upon traditional tribal values, orientations, and principles, while simultaneously using the most appropriate concepts, technologies, and content of modern education."
Marginalization, Decolonization and Voice - Wotherspoon and Schissel
Abstract: "The paper addresses the causes and implications of, and possible solutions to, the “education gap” between Aboriginal people and the general population in Canada. Our analysis highlights how structural and processual aspects of education interact to serve, alternatively, as barriers and contributing factors to the success of Aboriginal students."
Indigenous Knowledge and Pedagogy in FN Education - Battiste
"This paper reviews the literature that discusses Indigenous knowledge and how it is handed down from generation to generation, and it outlines for the National Working Group on Education and the Minister of Indian Affairs the educational framework and recommended steps required to improve and enhance First Nations educational outcomes."
Indian Control of Indian Education
"The National Indian Brotherhood Trust Fund (NIB Trust Fund) was developed in 1975 to study in conjunction with First Nation representatives from the various parts of Canada the problems confronting Indians in today’s society."
Jagged Worldviews Colliding - Leroy Little Bear
"Every society has many deep-rooted and implicit assumptions about what life and reality are all about. These assumptions are the guidelines for interpreting laws, rules, customs, and actions..." p.83
Four Directions Teachings
"A visually stunning audio narrated resource for learning about Indigenous knowledge and philosophy from five diverse First Nations in Canada"
Deepening Knowledge
Developed in conjunction with OISE Infusing Aboriginal Perspectives into Your Teaching Practice
Lesson Idea #1
Title: Sacred and Commercial Tobacco - A First Nations Understanding
Which of the Seven Essential Understandings connected in this lesson:
Community – Connection to Family
Ancestral Knowledge – Connection to Spirit
Traditional Knowledge – Practices and Protocols
Land – Connection to the Natural World
Cultural Unity and Diversity
Aboriginal Title & Treaty Rights
Interconnectedness of all Things
Learning Goals
By the end of this lesson, students need to know, understand, honour, and/or be able to do the following:
- Need to know the difference between sacred tobacco and commercial tobacco and Indigenous manufactured tobacco
- Need to understand the significance of tobacco to Indigenous peoples
- Need to understand that the conflict among Indigenous People and with the Federal Government over the commercialization of tobacco cigarettes
- Need to be able to explain to a non-Indigenous person the protocols of giving and receiving sacred tobacco
- Need to be able to identify stereotypes and bias about Indigenous manufactured tobacco
Readiness
Students should have prior experience with:
- Identifying authentic sources
- Analysing for bias and perspectives
- Annotating for perspective
Terminology Encountered in Lesson
Protocols,
Asemma,
Medicine Wheel
Sovereignty
Public Service Announcements (PSA)
Do You Know the Difference Poster Series
Minds On
Share Circle Poem
Explain that we are using a simple talking circle focused on a topic with teacher as facilitator.
.
- What traditions have been passed down to you by your grandparents or the elders in your life?
- How do these traditions conflict with the teachings about life that you have received from your parents, school, society?
- Teacher shares example: Reminds class that different viewpoints and life experiences are welcome and to be treated with respect when shared in the circle. Listening is the most important practice of the circle. .
- For example: My Great-Grandmother always had a jigsaw puzzle set out on a card-table. It was an activity we could do together or I could work on it alone while she was busy. It kept my mind and hands occupied. Recently, I’ve started doing jigsaw puzzles again. I find it very relaxing to focus on that one activity that engages my mind.
- Sharing moves round the circle clockwise
- At the end, it is not necessary for the teacher to summarize.
- Give students time to reflect on what they shared/heard in their journals
Action
- Teacher projects Conflict Triangle and engages students in a review of how Kookum taught Raven about offering Tobacco and how Raven, rather than steal his mother’s cigarette, but wanting to honour his Kookum’s teachings offered cherios instead.
- Teacher asks students to what they have learned from their teacher’s about tobacco.
- What about from advertizements? PSA’s.
- Distribute the copied Ads (3 different ads) photo. Explain that Raven might have been exposed to these types of advertisements in his community. His mother might smoke this kind of Aboriginal Manufactured Cigarettes.
- Distribute the Handout, Posing Questions to Evaluate Perspectives and Bias
- Set up home groups of 4, each person selecting a quadrant of questions to focus their analysis. Invite students to meet with the people in other groups who selected the same focus quadrant. Focus groups will have 2 -4 students depending on size of class.
- Give the focus groups time analyze the advertisement; they should record any questions that arise as they complete their analysis. 5 min. teacher circulates
- The focus groups members return to their home groups and share their findings.
- Now the group uses a question frame to create Text to World questions to guide inquiry.
- Record these questions on poster paper
- The class then examines the questions that have been raised and evaluates the questions for potential to guide inquiry.
Exit card:
What are two good inquiry questions that arose from your analysis.
Consolidation
Using exit cards, teacher will facilitate an inquiry lesson to deepen student understanding about Traditional tobacco and the tension within Indigenous communities caused by the use of Commercial tobacco, especially that which is manufactured by Indigneous communities.
Lesson Idea #2
Title: Traditional Knowledge and One Person's Journey to Heal
Connections to Components of Adolescent Literacy
METACOGNITION: refers to students taking active control over their thinking processes so that they understand themselves as learners, they understand a given task, and they understand a variety of strategies and how to use them in a variety of situations.
QUESTIONING: refers to students' curiosity, exploration, and inquiry to evoke, expose, and extend their thinking for the purpose of deeper understanding.
Text students will read/ view/ hear
Text forms Explored in Lesson
Pictures
Text Forms Created in Lesson
Learning Goals
- that Indian Residential Schools had a profoundly negative impact on not only those who attended, but also their extended families and relationships long after the fact
- differentiate between describing what they see or read and drawing inferences and forming conclusions
- there is an underlying symbolism and significance to the details of First Nations clothing and dance that is not always evident - building understanding is a personal journey that is enhanced through knowledgeable mentors
- analyze how the author has used structure, conventions of film, symbolism, etc. to convey a message for a specific purpose and audience
Readiness
- Students should have a familiarity with documentaries and terminology related to film (e.g. camera angle and movement terminology)
- It might be helpful to have some awareness of Indian Residential Schools and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission
- Familiarity with working norms that will allow all voices to be heard and honoured in academic conversations
Minds On
Instructions
Action
Thinking Routine: See-Think-Wonder
Model See-Think-Wonder
Jingle Dress - First Dance trailer from James Buffin
Consolidation
Day 2
Scene Analysis and Questioning
- Transitions between images and scenes
- Use of sound - dialogue, narrative voice, music, sound effects
- Camera movement and angle
- Use of symbolism - nature, journey symbols, First Nations symbolism, etc. How are these used and depicted?
- Structure - where does the film start and end and what is included and where
- Perspective - whose voice is included and whose is missing; how does perspective shift or stay the same
- Use of stock footage, pictures, documents, etc.
For the draft of the lesson above and handouts
English Curriculum Expectations
ORAL COMMUNICATION
OVERALL EXPECTATIONS
By the end of this course, students will:
1. Listening to Understand: listen in order to understand and respond appropriately in a variety of situations for a variety of purposes;
2. Speaking to Communicate: use speaking skills and strategies appropriately to communicate with different audiences for a variety of purposes;
SPECIFIC EXPECTATIONS
1. Listening to Understand
Students will:
Using Active Listening Strategies
1.2 select and use the most appropriate active listening strategies when participating in a range of situations
Demonstrating Understanding of Content
1.4 identify the important information and ideas in oral texts, including increasingly complex or difficult texts, in a variety of ways
2. Speaking to Communicate
Purpose
2.1 communicate orally for a range of purposes, using language appropriate for the intended audience
Diction and Devices
2.4 use appropriate words, phrases, and terminology, and a variety of stylistic devices, to effectively communicate their meaning and engage their intended audience
Non-Verbal Cues
2.6 identify a variety of non-verbal cues, including facial expressions, gestures, and eye contact, and use them effectively to help convey their meaning and with sensitivity to audience needs and cultural differences
READING AND LITERATURE STUDIES
OVERALL EXPECTATIONS
By the end of this course students will:
2. Understanding Form and Style: recognize a variety of text forms, text features, and stylistic elements and demonstrate understanding of how they help communicate meaning;
SPECIFIC EXPECTATIONS
2. Understanding Form and Style
Students will:
Text Forms
2.1 identify a variety of characteristics of literary, informational, and graphic text forms and explain how they help communicate meaning
Text Features
2.2 identify a variety of text features and explain how they help communicate meaning
Elements of Style
2.3 identify a variety of elements of style in texts and explain how they help communicate meaning and enhance the effectiveness of the texts
MEDIA STUDIES
OVERALL EXPECTATIONS
By the end of this course, students will:
1. Understanding Media Texts: demonstrate an understanding of a variety of media texts;
2. Understanding Media Forms, Conventions, and Techniques: identify some media forms and explain how the conventions and techniques associated with them are used to create meaning
SPECIFIC EXPECTATIONS
1. Understanding Media Texts
Students will:
Interpreting Messages
1.2 interpret media texts, including increasingly complex or difficult texts, identifying and explaining the overt and implied messages they convey
Evaluating Texts
1.3 evaluate how effectively information, ideas, themes, issues, and opinions are communicated in media texts, including increasingly complex or difficult texts, and decide whether the texts achieve their intended purpose
Audience Responses
1.4 explain why the same media text might prompt different responses from different audiences
Critical Literacy
1.5 identify the perspectives and/or biases evident in media texts, including increasingly complex or difficult texts, and comment on any questions they may raise about beliefs, values, identity, and power
Conventions and Techniques
2.2 identify conventions and/or techniques used in a variety of media forms and explain how they convey meaning and influence their audience