Sickle Cell Anemia
By: Amanda Romanek
Cardiovascular System
- Blood enters the right atrium and passes through the right ventricle
- The right ventricle pumps the blood to the lungs where it becomes oxygenated
- The oxygenated blood is brought back to the heart by the pulmonary veins, then enter the left atrium
- From the left atrium blood flows into the left ventricle
- The left ventricle pumps the blood to the aorta which will put the oxygenated blood throughout the whole body
Four Valves:
- The mitral valve and tricuspid valve, which control blood flow from the atria to the ventricles
- The aortic valve and pulmonary valve, which control blood flow out of the ventricles
Pericardium
- Fluid filled sac that surrounds the heart (reduces friction between the pericardial membranes) and the proximal ends of the aorta, vena-cava, and pulmonary artery.
- It keeps the heart contained in the chest cavity
- prevents the heart from over-expanding when blood volume increases
Major Blood Vessels
Pulmonary and systemic circulation
The pulmonary goes to the lungs and the systemic goes to tissues.
Oxygenated vs. Oxygen Poor Blood
Oxygenated enters the heart from lungs and goes out the body, Poor blood enters heart from the body and goes out to the lungs.
Circulation going through the major blood vessels
Aorta,L&R pulmonary arteries, Pulmonary trunk, L&R pulmonary veins, superior and inferior vena-cava.
Differences!
- Away from heart
- Mainly carry oxygenated blood
- High pressure
- No valves
- Thick outer wall (pumps a lot more blood)
- Thick inner layer of muscle and elastic fibers
- Narrow central tube, small lumen ( where blood flows through)
Capillaries:
- Wall only one cell thick-really thin -diffusion
- smallest blood vessel
Veins:
- Blood into heart
- Most carries de-oxygenated
- Lower pressure
- Valves
- Thin outer walls
- Thin inner layer
- Wide central tube -large lumen
ECG!
- An electrocardiogram is a test that checks for problems with the electrical activity of your heart
- Checks and translates the hearts electrical activity into line tracings on paper
- Finds chest pains, which could be caused by a heart attack
- Find the cause of symptoms of heart disease, such as shortness of breath, dizziness, fainting, or rapid, irregular heartbeats
- Find out if the walls of the heart chambers are too thick
- Check how well medicines are working and whether they are causing side effects that affect the heart
- Check the health of the heart when other diseases or conditions are present, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, cigarette smoking, diabetes, or a family history of early heart disease.
- P,Q,R,S,T waves
- P wave represents the normal atrium (upper heart chambers) depolarization
- Q,R,S complex (one single heart beat) corresponds to the depolarization of the right and left ventricles (lower heart chambers)
- T wave represents the repolarization (or recovery) of the ventricles
- To interpret, need to focus on the frequency (heart rate), regularity, shape and size of each individual waves and the timing and interaction between waves
Blood Pressure
- Arterial blood pressure
- is the pressure exerted by circulating blood upon the walls of blood vessels
- responsible for blood flow from one location to another in the circulation
Five Factors:
- Blood Volume- the larger the volume, the more pressure is exerted on vessel walls
- Strength of heart contractions- affect cardiac output,stronger heartbeat increases pressure, weaker beat decreases it
- Heart rate- increased rate increases pressure, decreased rate decreases pressure
- Blood viscosity (thickness)- less than normal viscosity decreases pressure, more than normal viscosity increases pressure
- Resistance to blood flow (peripheral resistance)- affected by many factors, including the vasomotor mechanism ( vessel muscle contraction/ relaxation)
- sequence of events that occurs when the heart beats
- one cardiac cycle is completed when the heart fills with blood and the blood is pumped out of the heart
- enters the heart, is pumped to the lungs, travels back to the heart and is pumped out to the rest of the body
Diastole Phase- the heart ventricles are relaxed and the heart fills with blood
Systole Phase- the ventricles contract and pump blood to the arteries
Stroke Volume:
- amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle of the heart in one contraction
- only about two-thirds of the blood in the ventricle is expelled with each beat
- determines the output of blood by the heart per minute
Pulse:
- The pulse may be checked from any place that allows an artery to be compressed against a bone- neck, wrist, behind knee, inside of elbow, and ankle
- count of arterial pulse per minute- is equivalent to measuring the heart rate
- can be taken also by listening to the heart beat directly, using a stethoscope and counting it for a minute.
Heart sounds and what causes them!
3 Blood Tests
Hematocrit- screens for diagnose, or monitor a number of conditions and diseases that affect the proportion of the blood made up of red blood cells
WBC count- white blood cell count, screens for a wide range of diseases and conditions
Platelet count- determine the number of platelets in a sample of your blood as part of a health exam; to screen for, diagnose, or monitor conditions that affect the number of platelets, such as a bleeding disorder, and bone marrow disease, or other underlying condition
Case Study!
- Male: 30
- Causes: Fatigue, shortness of breath, dizziness, headache, pale skin, chest pain, coldness
- EKG: abnormal, perfusion defects
- Pulse: Decreased
- BP: lower than normal
- Stroke Volume: Decreased, Blood transfusions decrease stroke risk
- Cardiac Output: Increased/high
- Heart Sounds: heart failure, decrease, abnormal
- Blood Tests: high-performance liquid chromatography, Hemoglobin Electrophoresis
- Solutions: hydroxyurea, antibiotics and blood transfusions relieves, but no cure
Resources!!!!
- Dude88. "Heart Chambers and Associated Great Vessels - InfoBarrel."InfoBarrel - Crowdsourcing Information | Make Extra Money Writing. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Mar. 2013. <http://www.infobarrel.com/Heart_Chambers
- "Valves of the Heart." Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Mar. 2013. <http://www.cts.usc.edu/hpg-valvesoftheheart.html>.
- Bailey, Regina. "What is the Pericardium?." Biology. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Mar. 2013. <http://biology.about.com/b/2007/05/04/what-is-the-pericardium.htm>.
- "Types of Blood Vessels Video." Heart Disease Home Page. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Mar. 2013. <http://heart-disease.emedtv.com/blood-clots-video/types-of-blood-vessels-video.html>.
- "Blood pressure - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Mar. 2013. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pressure>
- Category. "Cardiac Cycle." Biology. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Mar. 2013. <http://biology.about.com/od/anatomy/ss
- "Pulse - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2013. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse>.
- "Hematocrit: The Test." Lab Tests Online: Welcome!. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2013. <http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes