Earth B Extra Credit
by Jason Salazar
Neutron Star
- Neutron stars are the smallest and densest starsknown to exist in the Universe
- Discoverd by 24 gradute jocelyn bell in 1967
- They are 7 miles across
- Mass is twice as the sun
- http://www.space.com/22180-neutron-stars.html
Quark Stars
- A quark star is a hypothetical type of compact exotic star composed of quark matter
- in 1965 by Soviet physicists D.D. Ivanenko and D.F. Kurdgelaidze.
- extremely high densities but temperatures well below 10
12
K - Witten assumption of stability at near-zero temperatures and pressures
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_star
Preon Stars
- An preon star is a hypothetical compact star composed of something other than electrons, protons, neutrons, and muons
- Preon stars would be expected to have huge densities, exceeding 10
23
kg/m3
Preon stars could originate from supernova explosions or the big bang
the size of a preon star may vary from around 1 metre with an absolute mass of 100 earths to the size of a pea with a mass roughly equal to the Moon.
Boson Stars
- In the 1950s John Wheeler envisioned such bundles as smooth configurations of electromagnetic energy
- particle-like solutions were found in the late 1960s with the addition of a scalar field, and these were given the name boson stars
- boson stars find use in a wide variety of models as sources of dark matter, as black hole mimickers
- Boson stars may have been formed through gravitational collapse during the primordial stages of the big bang
Methane Dwarfs
- Brown dwarfs occupy the mass range between the heaviest gas gaints and the lightest stars, with an upper limit around 75
- exist in the 1960s by Shiv S. Kumar
- most astronomers would classify any object with between 15 times the mass of Jupiter and 75 times the mass of Jupiter
- have surface temperatures in the range of 800 to 1,880 degrees Fahrenheit
- http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Methane+dwarf
Carbon Stars
- A carbon star is a late-type star similar to a red giant
- they were first recognized by their spectra by Angelo Secchi in the 1860s
- there are rarly 100% carbon stars
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_star
Pulsar Stars
- a highly magnetized, rotating neutron star that emits a beam of electromagnetic radiation
- observed on November 28, 1967, by Jocelyn Bell Burnell and Antony Hewish
- They observed pulses separated by 1.33 seconds that originated from the same location on the sky
- A rotation speed of 1,980 revolutions per minute
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsa
Binary Stars
- a system of two stars in which one star revolves around the other or both revolve around a common center
- Binary stars are two stars orbiting a common center of mass
- been called the double star
- Five to 10 percent of visible stars are visual binaries
- http://www.space.com/22509-binary-stars.html