British and American English
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Diferenças entre Inglês norte-americano e britânico (vocabulário e ortografia)
Ao contrário do que aconteceu com o português, que ao longo de 4 séculos se desenvolveu em dois dialetos substancialmente diferentes em Portugal e no Brasil, as diferenças entre os dialetos britânico e norte-americano não são tão significativas.
As diferenças entre o British e o American são principalmente de pronúncia. Também encontramos algumas diferenças de vocabulário, e pequenas diferenças na ortografia e na gramática. É difícil, entretanto, se alcançar conclusões definitivas sobre as diferenças porque a questão é mais complexa do que parece. A própria classificação "americano" e "britânico" é imprecisa. Considere-se que dentro de cada um pode-se identificar dialetos com diferenças quase tão acentuadas quanto as observadas entre eles próprios. Ou seja, teríamos que conceituar British e American mais precisamente, o que certamente excluiria outros dialetos, e o que, por sua vez, comprometeria a validade de tal estudo. Deve-se considerar também que quanto mais formal o estilo da linguagem e mais international o tópico, tanto maior a semelhança entre o British e oAmerican.
Comparison of American and British English
Written forms of British and American English as found in newspapers and textbooks vary little in their essential features, with only occasional noticeable differences in comparable media (comparing American newspapers with British newspapers, for example). This kind of formal English, particularly written English, is often called "standard English".
The spoken forms of British English vary considerably, reflecting a long history of dialect development amid isolated populations. In the United Kingdom, dialects, word use and accents vary not only between England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales, but also within them. Received Pronunciation (RP) refers to a way of pronouncing standard English that is actually used by about two percent of the UK population. It remains the accent upon which dictionary pronunciation guides are based, and for teaching English as a foreign language. It is referred to colloquially as "the Queen's English", "Oxford English" and "BBC English", although by no means do all graduates of the university speak with such an accent and the BBC no longer requires it or uses it exclusively. The present monarch uses a hyperlect of the Queen's English.
An unofficial standard for spoken American English has also developed, as a result of mass media and geographic and social mobility, and broadly describes the English typically heard from network newscasters, commonly referred to as non-regional diction, although local newscasters tend toward more parochial forms of speech. Despite this unofficial standard, regional variations of American English have not only persisted but have actually intensified, according to linguist William Labov.
Regional dialects in the United States typically reflect some elements of the language of the main immigrant groups in any particular region of the country, especially in terms of pronunciation and vernacular vocabulary. Scholars have mapped at least four major regional variations of spoken American English: Northern, Southern, Midland, and Western.After the American Civil War, the settlement of the western territories by migrants from the east led to dialect mixing and levelling, so that regional dialects are most strongly differentiated in the eastern parts of the country that were settled earlier. Localized dialects also exist with quite distinct variations, such as in Southern Appalachia, Boston and the New York City area.