Chapter 14 and 15 Group Project
BY: Ashrith, Satvik, Shane ,Bryce, and Ronnie
Immigration
Immigrant Groups
German Immigrants
---What were they doing for a living?
-Owned farms
-Wealthy, didn't have to work in factories (in contrast to the Irish)
-Conestoga Wagon, Kentucky Rifle, and Christmas Tree all German contributions to American culture
-Very intelligent and cared about education, created Kindergarten
-Stimulated art and music into the schools
---Why did they move?
-Didn't have democracy in Germany
-Religious freedom
-More than one million and a half Germans moved to America from 1830-1860
---Where did they move?
-Wisconsin, where the soil, climate and geography was similar to Central Europe
-Texas, made settlements named New Braunfels and Friedrichsburg.
-Amish settled in Pennsylvania
-Overall, pretty spread out
-German immigrants stayed secluded and to themselves from the modern world, did things that angered Puritans
Irish Immigrants
Why and where they came
a big part on why they came is the potato famine, many of the Irish were dependent of potato farming and were unable to pay their landlords, then forced to leave
Came to Boston and New York
What they did for a living/ details on jobs
They were not well prepared for life in America; did not possess many goods
Worked as domestic servants or construction laborers.
Most new arrivals toiled as day laborers; few owned boardinghouses and saloons
Irish women had limited opportunities (worked as domestic servants)
They were politically powerful because they bonded together as one voting body
Gained more power when Irish accumulated land
Numbers
around one million immigrants
Inventors and Inventions:
Eli Whitney-
Cotton Gin: allowed for faster processing of cotton. The invention offered Southern planters a justification to maintain and expand slavery even as a growing number of Americans supported its abolition.
Interchangeable parts: standardized, identical parts that made for faster assembly and easier repair of various devices. Helped speed up the process of fixing things. Allowed lower pay and required less skilled workers.
Robert Fulton -
First commercially successful steamboat
Submarine “Nautilus” in 1800
Samuel Slater 1768-1835
Brought plans for textile mills from Britain (stole them)
Came from England in the 1790's with plans that helped build the first textile mill in America.
Later became factory system
James Watt-
First effective steam engine reliable steam engine
Samuel Morse- telegraph, morse code to communicate, 1863
Elias Howe- sewing machine, 1844
Mechanical reaper- harvests crops faster than by hand. Many claim innovation for the mechanical reaper most influenced by Robert and Cyrus McCormick and Obed Hussey
John Deere- steel plow, helped Midwest harvest grain, 1837
Trans-atlantic cable- Cyrus West Field, 1866, used an insulated version of Morse’s to allow it in the water, SIGNIFICANCE?
Canals- made to improve inland transportation
Montreal, St. Lawrence River, and Lake Erie connected by the Lachine Canal in 1825 and the Welland Canal in 1829
Erie Canal system connected Albany, Syracuse, and Buffalo in 1825
Ohio & Erie Canal connecting Cleveland, Columbus, and the Ohio River in 1833
Wabash & Erie Canal linking Toledo and Evansville in 1853
Reform Movements:
Abolition Reform:
William Garrison:Anti-slavery Newspaper editorof the Liberator, white, William Garrison founded TheAmerican anti Slavery society
Frederick Douglass-Antislavery lecturer, gave speeches on equality.
North were for abolition and South were against due to economic gain in plantations.
Famous revolutionists included William Garrison, Frederick Douglass, and Harriet Beecher Stowe.
1808- Jefferson signed Act prohibiting importation of slaves.
13th: In 1865, Lincoln freed slaves.
14th: In a1868,Defined citizenship,guaranteed equal protection
15th: 1870,Provided universal male suffrage.
1861- Disagreement of abolitionism led to Civil War
1860-Slaves were at 4 million population.
Underground Railroad with the help of Harriet Tubman helped slaves escape the South.
Thomas Paine used writing to support emancipation of slaves.
Helped by Second Great awakening which led people to see the sin of slavery.
North abolished slavery beginning with the constijtution of Vermont in 1777.
"They say that the negroes are very well contented in ... slavery.... [S]uppose it were the fact the black man was contented...to see his wife sold on the auction-block or his daughter violated.... I say that is the heaviest condemnation of the institution, that slavery should blot out a man's manhood so as to make him contented to accept this degradation, and such an institution ought to be swept from the face of the earth."
- J. Sella Martin, ex-slave
Art, Architecture, and Literature
Thomas Jefferson - considered the architect of the revolution, designed his home Monticello and the University of Virginia at Charlottesville
Gilbert Stuart - one of the most gifted painters from Rhode Island, painted many of Washington's portraits, paintings were often idealized and dehumanized
Charles Willson Peale - painted about 60 portraits of Washington
John Trumbull - painted scenes from the Revolutionary War
After the War of 1812 painters shifted from human landscapes to romantic local landscape
Louis Daguerre - invented the daguerreotype that competed against painter
Rhythmic music became popularized by whites such as "Dixie"
Stephen C. Foster - white Pennsylvanian who wrote "Old Folks at Home" about the spirit of slaves
BLOSSOMING OF NATIONAL LITERATURE
The only true American literature occurred after the surge of nationalism following the war of 1812
Washington Irving was the first American to win international recognition as a literary figure.
published in 1809 his Knickerbocker’s History of New York with funny caricatures of the Dutch.
Later in his career, he published works such as The Sketchbook, Rip Van Winkle, and the infamous Legend Sleepy Hollow.
Was one of the first nationalistic writers.
James Fenimore Cooper was the first American novelist.
His second novel was the first to become famous in 1821, which was called The Spy about the American revolution
With other works like The Last of the Mihicans and the Leatherstocking Tales
The third member of the knickerbocker group was William Cullen Bryant
He wrote Thanatopsis,
TURUMPETERS OF TRANSCENDENTALISM
Transcendentalism did not beilve in the thoughts of John locke of all knowledge comes through senses
Henry David Thoreau transcendental
Walden; or life in the words
Emerson transcendental
Self reliance
Walt Whitman transcendental
Leaves of grass
GLOWING LITERARY LIGHTS (Kailyn)
Henry Longfellow
Professor Henry Wadsworth Longfellow taught modern language at Harvard college
One of the most popular poets in America. He had a wide knowledge of European literature
Poems: "Evangeline’’, “The Song of Hiawatha,’’ and “The Courtship of Miles Standish" (based on American traditions)
only American ever to be honored with a bust in the Poets’ Corner of Westminster Abbey
John Whittier
Quaker, less talented as a writer than Longfellow
Was vastly more important in influencing social action. His poems cried aloud against inhumanity, injustice, and intolerance
helped arouse a calloused America on the slavery issue
preeminently the poet of human freedom
James Russell Lowell
Biglow Papers
Oliver Wendell Holmes
“The Last Leaf,’’ in honor of the last “white Indian’’ of the Boston Tea Party, came to apply to himself. He was the “last leaf’’ among his distinguished contemporaries.
Louisa May Alcott
transcendentalism
father Bronson Alcott occupied himself more devotedly to ideas than earning a living, leaving his daughter to write Little Women (1868) and other books to support her mother and sisters
Emily Dickinson
Lived as a recluse (refused to published poems)
Universal themes of nature, love, death, and immortality
William Gilmore Simms
82 books
Winning "The Cooper of the South"
LITERARY INDIVIDUALISTS AND DISSENTERS (leah Witham)
-Edgar Allen Poe 1809-1849, a shortstory writer, usually horror. "The Raven" " The Gold Bug" Calvinist
-Nathaniel Hawthorne 1804-1864, Puritan, "The Scarlette Letter" "The Marble Faun"
-Herman Melville, 1819-1891, inspired by the sea as a whaler, "Moby Dick"
Rise of Industry
Rise of industry
Why industrialize, how, and who
Why:
overrapid urbanization
went from two cities (Philidelphia and New York) with populations of 20,000 or more in 1790 to 43 cities in 1860
Increasing birth rate
Increase in Irish and German immigration due to overpopulation in Europe
How:
Sewer system in Boston (1823)
Piped-in water supply in New York (1842)
Who:
Westward Movement:
- over half of US pop under age of thirty until 1850.
-frontier life for people living out there was tough.
Shaping the Western Landscape:
1.) Who : American Homesteaders with livestock
Why : Kentucky had the ideal pastures for livestock, "bluegrass"
2.) Who : American fur trappers
Why : to buy beaver pelts from the Native Americans
When : every summer from the 1820's for about two decades afterwards
The March of the Millions
The Emerald Isle Moves West:
The German Forty-Eighters:
Between 1830 and 1860 over a million and a half Germans stepped onto American soil
Most were uprooted farmers displaced by crop failures and other failures
Due to the collapse of
German liberals such as Carl Schurz contributed to the elevation of American political life
The Conestoga wagon, the Kentucky rifle, and the Christmas tree were all German contributions to American culture
Enemies of slavery
strongly supported public schools and kindergarten
The March of Mechanization:
Whitney Ends the Fiber Famine:
Marvels in Manufacturing:
Highways and Steamboats:
Lancaster Turnpike in Pennsylvania
turnpike charged 15 percent annual dividends
The Iron Horse:
Train
Cheaper to construct, and did not freeze over in the winter like canals
First railroad in US appeared in 1828.
By 1860, 3/4 of the railroad tracks were in industrialized Northern US
problems: flying sparks and feeble brakes
The Market Revolution:
Americans linked their economical fate to the market economy
In growing numbers, citizens now bought store-made products