The Umayyad Dynasty
Mu'awiyah
He established the Umayyad dynasty. He moved the capital of the Arab Empire from Madinah to Damascus , in Syria . He was also the son in law of Muhammad.
Muhammad
His victory over the Umayyads , his capture of Mecca . His death led to a series of events in Islamic History.
Hussein
He led an important revolt against the Umayyad rule in 680 . He set off to do the battle but his soldiers defected leaving him with only an army of 72 against 10,000 . They all died in the war which caused Islam too split into two groups Shia and Sunni .
Economic developments in Islamic history
The Umayyad caliphate saw a major problem with mass conversions to Islam based on tax rates. If a big enough proportion of the population converted to Islam and stopped paying the Jizya tax , revenues would go way down leading to financial instability . To combat this problem , The Umayyad decided to continue to tax recent converts as if they were still non-Muslims. The implications of this were huge.
Social developments in Islamic history
Non-Muslims historically had to pay to their Islamic overlords with willing submission. Many non-Muslims of the Arab background did not like the way local administrators favored the Arabs. Increasing numbers of these people were voluntarily converting to Islam , despite the fact that conversation did little to advance them socially . They attempted to block extensive interaction between the Muslim warrior elite and the mass of their Non-Muslim subjects had little chance of succeeding .
Political Developments in Islamic History
Umayyad rule was divided between two branches of the family . The Syrian army became the basis of Umayyad strength , enabling the creation of a united empire through greater control of the conquered provinces and the Arab tribal rivalries. The development of Islamic thought, tracks the differing positions expansions over the course of 14 centuries. Just as Islamic history both preserved its tradition and reshaped its internal culture consistently over this period of expansion , so did Islamic political thought maintain certain principle foundations while undergoing successive stages of evolution .
Religious Beliefs associated with Islam @3:22
Islam, the Quran, and the Five Pillars All Without a Flamewar: Crash Course World History #13
Political @3:52
Islam and Politics: Crash Course World History 216