African National Congress
By: Elena Grijalva
Nkosi Sikelel'i Afrika
Raise up our descendants
Hear our prayers.
Come, Holy Spirit,
Come, Holy Spirit,
Lord bless us,
Us, your children
Connection to Kaffir Boy
Originally introduced by Mark's friend David
Underground movementInspiration for many black South Africans to go against apartheid
Many of Mark's school mates join the radical wing during the student protests
Fouding Of the South African Native National Congress (SANNC)
Going Against Aparthied
1920- supported militant strike by mine workers
Until the 1940S there was little direct protest, instead they relied on white liberal intermediaries
1939-1945 began to amass members and organize. Local elections held for advisory board positions.
1949- Established a "program of action"- encouraged strikes, boycotts, and civil disobedience as a means to achieve self determinism
1952- Began a defiance campaign which increased membership to 100,00
1956- issued the "Freedom Charter" which outlined their goals of equality
1959- Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC) split from ANC.
1960- PAC's large protest against pass books results in PAC and ANC being outlawed
1961- Founded uMkhonto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation)
1961- Pan-Africanist launched its armed wing Poqo, later Azanian People's Liberation Army
1963- Leaders of uMkhonto we Sizwe arrested and most are killed
1980s Beginnings of peace and reform talks
1990- Legalized
1994- End of Apartheid, Nelson Mandela elected, making ANC the leading political organization
Leaders
-Founder and first South African Native National Congress president. Well known essayist and writer
Pixley Seme
-Founder and first African National Congress president. Studied in America
Albert Luthli
-Teacher, politician, and tribal chieftain. President of ANC in 1951, arrested, Nobel peace prize in 1960
Nelson Mandela
President of ANC from 1990-1999. First elected president of South Africa (1994-1999). Helped to decrease racism
Works Cited
"A Brief History of the African National Congress." A Brief History of the African National Congress. African National Congress Website, n.d. Web. 25 Feb. 2013. <http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?id=206>.
"African National Congress." International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. 2008. Encyclopedia.com. 25 Feb. 2013 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.
Mandela, Nelson (2004) [1994]. Long Walk to Freedom Volume II: 1962–1994 (large print edition). London: BBC AudioBooks and Time Warner Books Ltd. ISBN 978-0754087247.
Mathabane, Mark. Kaffir Boy: The True Story of a Black Youth's Coming of Age in Apartheid South Africa. New York: Macmillan, 1986. 229-30. Print