Cell Cycle Project
by Samuel Ensz
A group of cells
In this group of cells, there are interphase cells.
A cell
As we take a closer look, we see this cell beginning S phase.
In the S phase, or synthesis, DNA begins to replicate.
Prophase
Prophase is the beginning of mitosis. It is when the chromatin coils and condenses on itself and creates chromosomes, as seen in the previous picture. In this picture we the nuclear membrane has disappeared, and chromosomes move to the center of the cell and begin to line up. Centromes are sent to opposite sides of the cell, they are proteins that duplicate in prophase, and microtubules are moved out of the protein about to create spindles attaching to chromosomes, taking us into metaphase.
Metaphase
As the longest phase of the cell cycle begins, the chromosomes are lined up, being twice as many more, and the microtubules are attached to the centromeres of the chromosomes. As the spidel connections become stronger they begin to pull apart the chromosomes, which takes us to anaphase.
Anaphase
In this picture, the chromosomes have just been separated, and are still connected to microtubules.
Anaphase, continued.
Anaphase is when the chromosomes are ripped apart, as demonstrated previously. Hence the term ana- meaning to separate. Furthermore, the chromosomes are become chromatin again and are pulled to the other sides of the cell. Also, the genetic material begins to rebuild and taking us into telophase.
Telophase
The genetic material is pulled to the other sides of the cell.
Telophase, pt 2.
The nuclei takes shape and the membrane begins a cleavage, right as the cells divide. The cleavage is formed by a small crease.
Telophase, pt 3.
The nuclear membrane is created first, and as follows, the nucleoli is formed from within. The chromosomes are then relaxed back into unorganized messy coils in the nucleus.
Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis is not a part of mitosis, but the cycle must be completed, so here is the rest of the cell division, aka cytokinesis.
Continued dividing
Almost there...
Cells
And above, there are two daughter cells, they are exact copies of the parent cell. Both of these cells are back at G0, or non dividing. The cells grown into G1 phase, meaning continued growing. If there is not enough organelles, the cell will commit apoptosis, or kill itself, if not, the cell will continue into S, synthesis, and then mitosis. That way, the whole process can start again.
Mistakes...
What if there is a mess up? What could happen? In the rest of the report we will look at a disorder caused by an error in the cell cycle.
Eye cancer
During the replication of cells, in prophase when DNA splits, DNA synthesis is sent out of control and cells reproduce uncontrollably. Specifically eye cancer is when this error occurs in the eye.