Biology Study
By: Christina Sprague
What's is Water?
- Adhesion- attraction of H20 molecules to other substances.
- Cohesion- attraction of water molecules to each others.
- Heat Storage- water can hold a lot of energy in it. It takes a long time to warm up and cool down.
- pH- water can cause separation in solutions leaving H+ AND OH-ions causing solutions to be acidic or basic.
Macromolecules
- Macromolecules- large molecules made with Carbon (c). Other atoms used are Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus and Sulfur.
- Types of Macromolecules:
1.Carbohydrates
2.Proteins
3. Lipids
4. Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrate- organic compound made of Hydrogen (H), Carbon (C), and Oxygen CHO2. Key source of energy for the body. Found in most foods.
- Importance of Carbohydrates-
1. energy stores (4calories/gram)
2. structural (ex: cellulose in plants
3. cell communication
4. defense against invading viruses and bacteria
- Types of Carbohydrates:
1. Monosaccharides-Basic source of energy for cells. Mono=1, Sacch=sweet, sugar. Ex: glucose, fructose (fruit sugar)
2. Disaccharides- A chain of two monosaccharides linked together by a covalent bond. Digested by the human body to be used in cells. Ex: sucrose(table sugar, lactose(milk)
3. Polysaccharides- A chain of 3 or more. Can be very large; a macromolecule. Stores plant energy; needs to be digested by the human body . Ex: starches- cellulose, chitin
4. Oligosaccharides- 2 to 20 monosaccharide unit. Cell flags, identifiers
Lipids
- Lipid-(Fats) make up cell membranes and long term energy.
- Types of Fats:
1. Saturated fats-Long chains of carbons with all bonds filled by hydrogen. Solid at room temperature. Ex: butter, lard muscle fat
2. Unsaturated fats- Have one double bond (mono) which causes a "kink" in the chain that does not allow the fat to solidify. Ex: veg oil
3. Polyunsaturated fats- Have move one double bond in the chains
Nucleic Acids
- Types of Nucleic Acids:
1. Deoxiribonucleic Acid (DNA)
2. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)- They carry our genetic information. They code for amino acids (Proteins).
3. Adenosine Tr. Phosphate (ATP)- "Molecular currency" of energy transfer in cells. Phosphate bonds contain a lot of potential energy that is released when they are broken.