Quadratics Relations Website
By: Vithusan Vijayakumar
Introduction
Unit 1: Vertex Form
Parabola In-Depth
Vertex: is the maximum or minimum point of the parabola and is the point where the axis of symmetry and parabola make contact
Optimal Value: is the y-coordinate of the vertex (if parabola opens upwards, then it is a minimum value while if parabola opens downwards, it will be a maximum value
Zeros: when the parabola passes the x-axis (x-intercepts)
Learning Goals
1. Using finite differences to analyze quadratic relation
- Find the first differences of the y-values
- If all the first differences are not constant, then continue to find the second differences.
If the first differences of the y-values are equal, then the equation is linear.
If the second differences of the y-values are equal, then the equation is quadratic.
If neither the first or second differences are constant, then it is neither a linear or quadratic relation.
In other words, the first differences of the table determine that the line is linear, while the second differences determine that the line is quadratic.
2. Using a table of values to create a graph
Using a table of values to create a graph is simple.
First of all, locate the first (x,y) values of the table.
After, locating, plot the points on the graph.
Continue to follow this process until you have plotted all the points from the table
Then, use the line of best fit to determine whether the graph is a linear equation or a quadratic equation.
3. Graphing the base graph of a quadratic function without technology
Create a table of values for y=x^2
If the equation is y=3x^2 all you have to do, it multiply the y value for y=x^2 by three.
After finding all the values, plot the points on the graph
Finite Differences
Table of Values
Base Graph of Quadratic Function
Transformations
When 0<|a|<1 vertical compression, |a|>1 vertical stretch, a<0 reflection in the x-axis
"h" Value: determines whether the graph is horizontally shifted to the right of left
h>0 shift to the right, h<0 shift to the left
"k" Value: determines whether the graph is vertically shifted up or down
when k is positive, the parabola moves up, when k is negative the parabola moves down
Solving for y-intercept: sub x=0 for the equation and solve for y
Solving for x-intercept: sub y=0 for the equation and solve for x
Examples
Step-Pattern
Step pattern can help graph a parabola, easier than trying to find the slope to graphing a parabola, as long as you remember the numbers 1,3, and 5. The basic pattern for the step pattern is 1 over 1 under, 3 over 3 under, 5 over 5 under if your slope is to be negative. If it is supposed to be a positive then you are to go 1 over 1 up, 3 over, 3 up, 5 over 5 up.
Video To Help You Understand Even More
Word Problem
1. What is the maximum height of the flare?
The maximum height of the flare is 500 metres because it is the y-coordinate of the vertex, and also known as the optimal value.
2. At what time does the flare reach its maximum height?
The flare reaches the maximum height at 10 seconds because it represents the x-coordinate of the vertex, which shows the duration that the flare took to reach maximum height.
3. Determine the height at 5 seconds.
To determine the height of the flare at 5 seconds, we have to substitute t=5.
h=-5(t-10)^2+500
h=-5(5-10)^2+500
h=-5(25)+500
h=-125+500
h=375m
Therefore, the height of the ball at 5 seconds is 375 metres.
4. Determine the time when the height of the flare is 200 metres above the ground.
Completed in the following picture.
5. Determine the time when the flare hits the ground.
Completed in the following picture.
Video of Graphing Using Mapping Notation
Unit 2: Factored Form
Learning Goals
- I am able to identify the different types of quadratic relations used and how to factor it efficiently
- I am able to identify the x-intercepts using factored form
- I am able to find the axis of symmetry using factored form
- I am able to find the vertex using factored form
- I am able to graph using factored form
Summary of the Unit
ax^2+bx+c
- Formula for Factoring: Y=a(x-r)(x-s)
- When finding y-intercept, you have to sub x=0, and then solve the equation to find the value of y
- Graph the equation using the factors (x-int, y-int)
- The value of A determines the shape and direction of opening (up or down)
- X-Intercepts= the value of R and S
- To find the axis of symmetry, you have to find the average of the value of R and S
You can find the average by adding the two numbers, then dividing by 2.
Graphing a Factored Form Equation
The x-intercepts can be easily solved by finding the value of R and S but reversed operations.
For Example:
y=(x-9)(x+7)
the x-intercepts are: (9,0)(-7,0)
Step 2: Solving for the Axis of Symmetry
Solving for the Axis of Symmetry is simple, all you have to do is find the average of both x-intercepts.
Step 3: Solving for Y-value
After solving for Axis of Symmetry, you use that value and replace is with the x in the equation and solve for y.
Step 4: Plotting the Points
Once you have figured all the points, begin to plot them on a graph.
Factoring (6 Types)
There are many different types of factoring:
- Grouping (4 Terms)
- Complex Trinomial Factoring
- Common Factoring
- Simple Trinomial Factoring
- Expanding and Simplifying
- Perfect Square Trinomials
The flowchart below can help you figure out what type of factoring is used.
Grouping (4 Terms)
Step 2: Follow the same steps of step 1 and factor the last two terms.
Step 3: After Factoring, you take the two terms outside the bracket and put it with one of the two terms in the bracket.
Simple Trinomial Factoring
Complex Trinomial Factoring
Step 1: Multiply the a value and c value.
Step 2: Then, find one number that is the product of the c value and the sum of the middle value
Common Factoring
Common factors= finding a greatest common term and dividing the rest
Lets say we have a polynomial 8x^3y^2+3xy^3+15x^2y^2
The greatest common factor is 3xy^2.
So, we factor the whole expression by that.
Expanding and Simplifying
Step 2: Do the same step with the second term.
These are the only two main steps to Factoring
Perfect Square Trinomial
Perfect squares are any numbers that can be squared into a whole number. However in Quadratics we can use Perfect Squares to our advantage. We can have a Binomial that is being squared, and convert it into a Trinomial. You might be confused as to how we can do this. Well, lets take an example (x+4)^2. Now to convert this Binomial into a Trinomial, we will write the equation as Binomial *Binomial { (x+4)*(x+4) }. Next, use F.OI.L and you will end up with a Quartic polynomial ( x^2+4x+4x+16 ). Finally collect like terms and you will have a Trinomial. You might be thinking "I dont wan't to do these steps, how can I make it easier?"
Well, a simpler rule would be to square the first term (in this case "x"), then add 2*the product of the first and second term (2*(4*x)), and finally add the second term squared (4^2). You will end up with the same answer but in a faster way. This rule applies in the same way if the two terms are being subtracted, but one step would change. Instead of adding 2*the product of the first and second term as our second step, we will subtract 2*the product of the first and second term.
Below is another example of Perfect Square Trinomial.
Difference of Squares
Difference of Squares are when you have two binomials and you want to simplify it.
You will always end up with a single binomial at the end. For starters, to use Difference of Squares, you need to have two binomials with one of them being added and the second needs to be subtracted (x+4)(x-4).
Now you will use F.O.I.L and will end up with something like this (x^2+4x-4x+16). After collecting like terms you will have a Binomial (x^2-16) (note: for difference of squares you will always end up with the two numbers being subtracted).
You end up with a Binomial because the two middle terms cancel each other out. Again, you might be saying "is there anyway to make this faster?"
Lucky for you, you can just square the first number and subtract that by the square of the second diget which would be { (x^2)-(4^2) }.
Below is another example of Differences of Squares
Word Problem
Video of Solving Equation Using Factored Form
Unit 3: Standard Form
Learning Goals
- I am able to use the quadratic formula in a quadratic equation.
- I am able to use the standard form equation, to complete the square, and graph the parabola
- I am able to find the x-intercepts of the equation, by using the quadratic formula.
- I am able to find the vertex of the equation, by completing the square.
- I am able to graph the x-intercepts and the vertex, then draw the parabola.
Properties
y=ax^2+bx+c
"c" value: represents the y-intercept
Quadratic Formula
The quadratic equation is used when you are given a standard form equation and are asked to find out the x intercepts.
When asked to find out how many solutions(x-intercepts) there are you can use a simple equation to find out the number of solutions.
For Example
Discriminant
The Discriminant adapts the formula that is inside the square root of the Quadratic Formula (b^2-4ac). The Discriminant helps us find out how many solutions the given quadratic equation will have, without us solving the entire equation with the Quadratic Formula. If the value of “d” is less than 0, so if it’s a negative, there will be no solutions. If the value of d is greater than 0, there will be 2 solutions and if the value of d is 0, there will be 1 solution. So to sum up the Discriminant:
D<0- no solutions
D>0- 2 solutions
D=0- 1 solution
Graphing Standard Form
- Find the x-intercepts of the equation with the quadratic formula
- Find the vertex by completing the square
- Graph x intercepts
- Graph vertex
- Draw parabola
Completing the Square
Word Problem
Reflection
How the Three Different Types of Equations Relate to Graphing:
Vertex Form: Using this form of equation, you will be able to find the vertex using the flipped operation of the value "h" and "k". This helps you determine the maximal or minimal point of the parabola.
Factored Form: Using this form of equation, you will be able to determine the two x-intercepts of the parabola. This will help you plot the x-values on the graph.
Standard Form: Using this form of equation, the direction of opening will be determined. As well as how stretched or compressed the parabola is.