Sensation and Perception🌸🌺🌷
AP Psychology👀👃🏻👂🏻👏🏻👅
Let's talk about vision.
Vision
Let's Focus on the Retina
Rods- Small retinal receptors detecting black,white, and gray,necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond.
- Rodney the detector, noticed the gray rods in the cell and how dull they have become.
Cones- Retina receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina, functioning in daylight or well lit conditions. Detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.
- Coney was blinded by the bright cone in the road and crashed into Retina.
Can you see this?
- The blind dog named Spot couldn't find the receptor cells because his optic nerve left his eye.
Fovea- The central focal point in the retina,around which the eye's cones cluster.
- Retina forever focuses on her friend Fovea, all of the cones love to cluster around her.
More
Feature detectors- Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle and movement.
- The detector noticed the features on the crime scene that had changed, such as shape, angle and movement of the distorted body.
Parallel Processing- The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision.
- When parallel parking, one must take in the whole scene of the road around them.
Vision- Anatomy of the Cow's Eye
Cornea- The transparent part of the eye that covers the front portion of the eye. It's main purpose is to refract or reflect light to provide focus. It protects the eye.
Pupil- Adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters.
Iris- A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening.
Lens- The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina.
Retina- Light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information.
Optic Nerve- The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.
Accommodation- The process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina.
- A commodo dragon changes the shape of its lenses to see predators from afar.
Young-Helmholtz trichromatic(three-color) theory
Opponent-Process Theory (by Hering)
Gestalt
Visual Organization and interpretation
Grouping- The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups.
Depth perception- the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance.
Binocular cues- depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes.
Monocular cues- depth cues,such as interposition and linear perspective,available to either eye alone.
Phi phenomenon- an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession.
Proximity
Grouping nearby figures together.
-When rounding a decimal, you always round to the approximate number.
Continuity
We perceive smooth,continuous patterns rather than discontinueous ones.
- I continue to perceive daddy long legs as dangerous although people have encouraged me to stop, being that they don't cause pain.
Closure
We fill in gaps to create a complete, whole object.
- When viewing the shape, we simply WANT to complete and close the shape, despite the missing edges.
(Above)Visual Cliff Diagram
Visual Cliff- A laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals.
Perceptual Constancy-Perceiving objects as unchanging( having consistent shapes, size, brightness, and color) even as illumination and retinal images changes.
Color Constancy- Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object.
Perceptual Adaptation- In vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field.
- Person whom does not need glasses tries on his friend's glasses, and adapts to the inverted world.
Hearing
The Ear and Stimulus Input
Outer ear-Channels the sound waves through the auditory canal to the eardrum, a tight membrane, causing it to vibrate.
Middle Ear- Three tiny bones(the hammer, anvil, and stirrup) pick up the vibrations from the outer ear and transmit them to the cochlea, a snail- shaped tube that is in the inner ear.
Inner Ear- Innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs. Incoming vibrations cause cochlea's membrane to vibrate, jostling the fluid that fills the tube. This motion causes ripples in the basilar membrane, bending the hair cells lining its surface. Hair cell movement triggers impulses in the adjacent nerve cells. The axons consisted in the cells converge to form the auditory nerve, transmitting neural messages to the auditory cortex in the brain's temporal lobe.
Sound Waves
And so on.
Long waves have low-frequency- and low pitch. In contrast, the short waves have high frequency.
We measure sounds in decibels, in which with zero decibels represents the absolute threshold for hearing.
Shhhh......
Cochlear Implant(Above)
Cochlear Implant- A device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea.
Place theory- In hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated.
Frequency theory- In hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch.
Other Senses
Psychologists Ronald Melzack and Biologist Patrick Wall
Illustrated the Gate Control Theory:
The theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological gate that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The ''gate'' is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain.
- The man wouldn't let that pain in the butt come inside.
Email: perception@yahoo.com
Website: wearedeadlol.com
Location: in the ground
Phone: 911
Facebook: facebook.com/www
Twitter: @sensation_is_life
Virtual-reality pain control
Body Position and Movement
Kinesthesia- The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts.
Vestibular Sense- The sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance. (semicircular canals and vestibular sacs contain fluid that moves when your head rotates or tilts.
Sensory Interaction- The principle that one sense ay influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste.
Embodied Cognition- In psychological science, the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments.