Encoding
By: Olivia Wolfe & Kelsey Mullen
Encoding in Short Term Memory
You encode in STM phonologically or by how it sounds.
So, you may remember an phone number that someone told you, but only for a few minutes.
Inforamtion may get mixed up because it sounds similar
How is the material stored?
- some material stored in visual form, some on the basis of meaning
- memory for images is better than words
- words are usually only stored phonologcally
Dual Encoding
is why it is sometimes helpful to form a mental picture of something you are trying to learn
Rote Rehearsal
Repeating information over and over and aover to remember it.
Example: Studying vocab words and saying them over and over to remember them.
Chunking
Grouping information together with imformation already known to remeber it easier.
Encoding in Long Term Memory
Coded by nonverbal images
Shapes, sounds, smells, tastes, etc.
Codes in terms of meaning
Verbatim LTM
Why can you remember the words to songs or the Pledge of Allegiance? That's because it is stored in verbatim.
Verbatim LTM
Is not usually used
Verbatim
Is how you can remember things in great detail. People either remember verbatim or just the gist of things.
We usually just remember the meaning of something
Not exact words
Cocktail party theory
This theory explains how we are able to focus on what one person is saying even though we are surrounded by other conversations.
Cocktail party theory
This theory explains how we are able to focus on what one person is saying even though we are surrounded by other conversations.
Serial position effect
Is the tendency for a person to remember the first and last things in a series best and the middle items last.
Masking
Is when someone is shown one image and then shown other images, after the other images are shown they are not able to recall the first image.
Things that impact encoding:
- Forgetting
- Brain damage
- Learning new info
- Repetition
- Change in routine/stimulus
- Recovered memories
What are retrieval cues and what factors interfere with them?
retreival cues
Retreival cues are stimuli that help you recall a certain memory.
Retreival cues can be:
- smells
- sounds
- visuals
- tastes
For example: the smell of fresh baked cookies reminds you of your grandmother's house.
There are many factors that can make remembering information difficult.
Tip of the tongue phenomenon
This is knwoing a word but not being able to immediately recall it. These experiences become more frequent in stressful situations and as people get older.
Retrograde Amnesia
Retrograde amnesia is the inability to recall events preceding an accident or injury, but without loss of earlier memory.
Alzheimer's Disease
Progressive deterioration of the brain; caused by hippocampus damage or below-normal levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
Learning one thing can interfere with the learning of another.
Retroactive interference
New information interferes with material already in long-term memory.
For example: Finding it difficult to memorize a new phone number after having the same one for many eyars.
Proactive interference
Information already in memory interferes with new material being learned.
For example: You always park in the same spot at work. One day you have to park in a new spot and have a hard time remembering where you parked.
the more disimilar something is from other things you've already learned the less likely it is to interfere with those things.
for example:
The swing of a tennis racket is similar to the swing of a baseball bat. Because of this, it may be hard for someone to effectively learn how to do both.
memory mix up
Because of memory loss it is common for people to be unable to tell the difference between what actually happened and what they heard about what happened.
chemicals
The main chemicals that affect memory are: epinepherine, cortisol, and acetylocholine.