Quadratic Relations
By Anudit
Topics
1. MATH TERMINOLOGY
- What is Quadratics & Why is it important
- Introduction to parabolas
- Axis of Symmetry
- Optimal Values
- Transformations
- Step Patterns
- Graphing
- X-Intercepts or Zeroes
- Axis of Symmetry
- Optimal Value
- Word Problems
- Graphing
- Quadratic Formulas
- Word Problems
6. Reflection
- Test
- Reflection Paragraph
Math Terminology Overview
AXIS OF SYMMETRY
A line that divides a figure into two congruent parts
BINOMIAL
A polynomial that has two terms 3x+4 is a binomial
COEFFICIENT
The number by which a variable is multiplied. Ex. in the term 8y, the coefficient is 8
COMPLETING THE SQUARE
A process for expressing y=ax^2+bx+c in the form y=a(x-h)^2+k
DIFFERENCE OS SQUARES
An expression of the form a^2-b^2 that involves the subtraction of two squares
DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY
a(x+y)=ax+ay
EXPAND
Multiply, often using the distributive property
FACTOR
A number and /or variable that divides evenly into a specific product
FIRST DIFFERENCES
Differences between consecutive y-values in a table of values with evenly spaced x-values
GCF
The greatest number and/or variable that is a factor of two or more numbers or terms
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
In a relation, the variable that you need to know first. its value determines the value of the dependant variable. On the coordinate grid, the values of the dependant variable are the horizontal axis---in d=85t, t is the independent variable
INTERCEPT
The distance from the origin of the xy-plane to the point at which a line or curve crosses a given axis
LINE OF SYMMETRY
A line that divides a shape into two congruent shapes that are reflections of each other in the line
LINEAR EQUATION
An equation that relates two variables so that ordered pairs satisfying the equation form a straight-line pattern on a graph
LINEAR RELATION
A relation between two variables that appears as a straight line when graphed on the coordinate plane
MAXIMUM POINT
the point on the graph of a non-linear relation, such as a parabola, at which the curve changes from increasing to decreasing
MINIMUM POINT
The point on the graph of a non-linear relation, such as a parabola, at which the curve changes from decreasing to increasing
NON-LINEAR RELATION
A relationship between two variables that does not follow a straight line when graphed
PARABOLA
The graph of a quadratic rotation, which is U-shaped ans symmetrical
PERFECT SQUARE
A number this can be expressed as the product of two identical factors---36 is a perfect square, because 36=6x6
PERFECT SQUARE TRINOMIAL
A trinomial of the form a^2+2ab+b^2 or a^2-2ab+b^2 that is the result of squaring a binomial
POLYNOMIAL
An algebraic expression formed by adding or subtracting terms
QUADRATIC EQUATION
An equation in the form ax^2+bx+c=0, where a,b and c are real numbers
QUADRATIC EXPRESSION
A second-degree polynomial---33x^2+5x-1 is a quadratic expression
QUADRATIC FORMULA
A formula for determining the roots of a quadratic equation of the form ax^2+bx+c=0
QUADRATIC RELATION
A relation whose equation is in the form y=ax^2+bx+c,where a,b and c are real numbers
VERTEX(OF A PARABOLA)
The point on the parabola where the curve changes direction. It is a maximum point is the parabola opens downward and minimum point if the parabola opens upward
1. INTRODUCTION
What is Quadratics & Why is it important?
Parabolas
2. VERTEX FORM
What is it?
Vertex Form
a(x-h)²+k
Axis of Symmetry
AOS
Optimal Value
VERTEX
Transformations
In the vertex form equation y= a(x-h)^2+k there are four different transformations.
Each variable in the equation is in control of a transformation.
If "a" is negative the parabola will have a vertical reflection, the parabola will open downward
- "a" determines whether the parabola will have a vertical stretch or compression and the direction of opening
- "h" represents the horizontal translation
- "k" represents the vertical translation
Step Pattern
Types of Equations
2. Vertex form: a(x-h)²+k
3. Standard Form: ax²+bx+c
2. FACTORED FORM
Finding the X-Intercepts
When you are given an equation in factored form, the "r" and "s" values are your X intercepts. Example:
y=(a+b)(r+s)
y=-2(x-3)(x+1)
r=3 s=-1
Remember when you take a value out of a bracket the (+)(-) signs flip.
So your X intercepts are (3,-1)
Factored form to Standard form (Expanding)
COMMON FACTORING
Multiplying Binomials
FACTORING SIMPLE TRINOMIALS
FACTORING COMPLEX TRINOMIALS
1. First, you have to multiply the 'a' value and the 'c' value together.
2. You have to find two numbers that are a product of that number and also is a sum of the 'b' value.
3. After that you have to remove the value and input our two new numbers
4. Finally, you group the numbers just like above and factor out the GCFs to end up with the answer
EXAMPLE:
PERFECT SQUARES AND DIFFERENCE OF SQUARES
Keep all terms containing x on one side. Move the constant to the right.
Get ready to create a perfect square on the left. Balance the equation.
Take half of the x-term coefficient and square it. Add this value to both sides.
Simplify and write the perfect square on the left.
Take the square root of both sides. Be sure to allow for both plus and minus.
Solve x.
x^2-2x-1 = 0
x^2-2x = 1
x^2-2x+1 = 1+1
x^2-2x+1 = 2
(x-1)^2 = 2
SQRT(x-1)^2 = SQRT 2
x-1 = 1.4
x = 1-1.4 ------------- x = 1+1.4
x = -0.4 ------------ x = 2.4
FACTOR BY GROUPING
Step 1: Decide if the four terms have anything in common, called the greatest common factor or GCF. If so, factor out the GCF. Do not forget to include the GCF as part of your final answer.
Step 2: Create smaller groups within the problem, usually done by grouping the first two terms together and the last two terms together.
Step 3: Factor out the GCF from each of the two groups. In the second group, you have a choice of factoring out a positive or negative number. To determine whether you should factor out a positive or negative number, you need to look at the signs before the second and fourth terms. If the two signs are the same (both positive or both negative) you need to factor out a positive number. If the two signs are different, you must factor out a negative number.
Step 4: If the factors inside of the parenthesis are exactly the same, it is time for the 2 for 1 special. The one thing that the two groups have in common should be what is in parenthesis, so you can factor out what is inside the parenthesis, but only write what is inside the parenthesis once. If what is inside the parenthesis does not match, you need to rearrange the four terms and try again until you get a perfect match. If you have rearranged the problems a couple of times and still have not found a perfect match, then the problem does not factor.
Step 5: Determine if the remaining factors can be factored any further.
Step 1: y=(4x^2+8x)(16x+32)
Step 2:: y=4x(x+4)+16(x+4)
Step 3: y=(4x+16)(x+4)
The Quadratic Formula
Using the Quadratic Formula, you can find the two x intercepts of a parabola:
(-1,0) & (1.29,0)
With the two x intercepts, you can find the Axis of Symmetry and using the AOS formula: x= (x+x)/2
x= (-1+1.29)/2
x= 0.15
Now you can find the vertex of the parabola.
-7x^2+2x+9
= -7(0.15^2)+2(-1)+9
= -0.16+7
=6.84
therefore, your vertex = (0.15,6.84)
MORE EXAMPLES
Graphing Factored Form
Factored form is represented as y= a(x-r)(x-s), where the x's represent the x-intercepts. Factored form is an equation that has been simplified. Where everything multiplies to each other.
Step one: Find the x intercepts. you must set y=0, therefore you will have to take the value of the x-intercepts and carry them to the other side of the equation to isolate x. This will give you the two zeroes.
Step two: Once you plot the two points on the graph, you must find the axis of symmetry. (x=x)/2 = AOS then you can create your axis of symmetry (h-value of the vertex).
Step three: now you must find the optimal value/vertex. It was stated earlier that you must substitute in your axis of symmetry to get this answer. After solving the equation, you will then get your optimal value (k-value of the vertex).
x= (-3,0) x= (2,0)
AOS = (-3+2)/2= -0.5
Vertex:
y=(-0.5+3)(-0.5-2)
y= -6.25
therefore your vertex = (-0.5,-6.25)
ZEROES/X-Intercepts
Zeroes are also known as the x-intercepts of the equation. To figure out the zeroes, we let y to equal 0.
For example:
y= 0.5(x+3)(x-9) the equation will turn into 0= 0.5(x+3)(x-9).
Since everything is being multiplied to make zero, that means either (x+3)=0 or (x-9)=0.
So, it will be x= (-3) because -3+3=0 AND x=9 because 9-9=0
Notice we don't change the 0.5, that's because it is on it's ownand has it's own value.
Finding the Optimal Value/Vertex
VERTEX= (X+X)/2
EXAMPLE:
y=(x+3)(x-2)
x= (-3,0) x= (2,0)
AOS = (-3+2)/2= -0.5
Vertex:
y=(-0.5+3)(-0.5-2)
y= -6.25
therefore your vertex = (-0.5,-6.25)
FInding the Axis of Symmetry
To find the axis of symmetry or (aos) in factored form, you want to find the zeroes/x-intercepts.
The formula you would want to use looks like: (a+b)/2 where 'a' and 'b' are the x-intercepts.
For example:
Your equation was y= (170-2x) x, you first find the x-intercepts
0= (170-2x)x, which means:
(170-2x)=0 (isolate x) 170=2x 170/2=x x=85
AND x=0 since there's a lone x.
Now with x-intercepts, use formula to find the axis of symmetry.
a+b/2
85+0/2
AOS: x= 42.5
Word Problems
QUADRATICS MINI TEST 1
Page 4
Quadratics Reflection
Quadratics is a very interesting a fun unit. Although I struggled at first, i went over my tests and perfected my mistakes. Math is a subject that I have always been struggling with, however, I realized that once you learn how to solve the problems, it can be very easy and fun. Quadratics was very difficult at first, but after coming in for help and doing extra homework, I learned to solve the quadratic equations very easily. In this unit, I learned that quadratics applies to real life situations. For example, Parabolas are literally everywhere, and I learned that there is a greater meaning behind all parabolas because of what I learned in Math class this unit. Also, quadratics can be used in business when a person is trying to find the revenue and many other careers. I learned many different ways to solve quadratics equations (Quadratic formula, Factoring by Grouping, Completing the Square, etc). Overall, this unit was very fun, and I enjoyed learning it with my phenomenal teacher and helpful peers. We all worked together to to help improve one another's marks, and I am really looking forward to continuing the course with them.