The Sun and its unique features
Olivia Mason
The Sun's Core
http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/interior.shtml
The Sun's core is the central region where nuclear reactions consume hydrogen to form helium. These reactions release the energy that ultimately leaves the surface as visible light. These reactions are highly sensitive to temperature and density.
The Sun's Prominence
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/news/News022411-monsterprom.html#.Vmg-59IrLZ4
A solar prominence (also known as a filament when viewed against the solar disk) is a large, bright feature extending outward from the Sun's surface. Prominence's are anchored to the Sun's surface in the photosphere, and extend outwards into the Sun's hot outer atmosphere, called the corona.
The Sun's Flare
http://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/sftheory/flare.htm
A solar flare occurs when magnetic energy that has built up in the solar atmosphere is suddenly released. Radiation is emitted across virtually the entire electromagnetic spectrum, from radio waves at the long wavelength end, through optical emission to x-rays and gamma rays at the short wavelength end.
Auroras
An aurora, sometimes referred to as a polar light, is a natural light display in the sky, predominantly seen in the high latitude (Arctic and Antarctic) regions.
The Sun's Radiative Zone
http://sunstructures8.weebly.com/inner-layers-radiative-zone.html
http://www.windows2universe.org/sun/Solar_interior/Sun_layers/radiative_zone.html
The Sun's radiative zone is the section of the solar interior between the innermost core and the outer convective zone. In the radiative zone, energy generated by nuclear fusion in the core moves outward as electromagnetic radiation. In other words, the energy is conveyed by photons.
Sun Spot's
http://spaceplace.nasa.gov/violins/en/
http://www.exploratorium.edu/sunspots/
Sunspots are temporary phenomena on the photosphere of the Sun that appear visibly as dark spots compared to surrounding regions. They correspond to concentrations of magnetic field flux that inhibit convection and result in reduced surface temperature compared to the surrounding photosphere.
Convective Zone
https://www.thinglink.com/scene/634096809723035650
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/convection-zone
A region of turbulent plasma between a star's core and its visible photosphere at the surface, through which energy is transferred by convection. In the convection zone, hot plasma rises, cools as it nears the surface, and falls to be heated and rise again.
Photosphere
http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/surface.shtml
http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/surface.shtml
The photosphere is the visible surface of the Sun that we are most familiar with. Since the Sun is a ball of gas, this is not a solid surface but is actually a layer about 100 km thick (very, very, thin compared to the 700,000 km radius of the Sun).
Chromosphere
http://solarcellcentral.com/sun_page.html
http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/chromos.shtml
The chromosphere (literally, "sphere of color") is the second of the three main layers in the Sun's atmosphere and is roughly 2,000 kilometers deep. It sits just above the photosphere and just below the solar transition region.
Corona
http://www.space.com/18448-total-solar-eclipse-stages-expedition-photos.html
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/sun/corona.html
A corona (Latin, 'crown') is an aura of plasma that surrounds the sun and other celestial bodies. The Sun's corona extends millions of kilometers into space and is most easily seen during a total solar eclipse, but it is also observable with a coronagraph.