EISENHOWER
US Modern Presidential Libarary
Election of President Eisenhower
Took Office: January 20, 1953
Served Through: January 20, 1957
-Garnered 35,590,472 votes to Stevenson’s 26,022,752
-Won both elections by a landslide, defeating Democrat Adlai Stevenson.
-Under the slogan “I Like Ike”
-Running partner was Richard M. Nixon
Being a war hero helped win both elections
Cold War
-Sent combat troops into Lebanon in 1958
-Did not sent other armed forces into active duty throughout his presidency
Joseph Mcarthy
Anti-Communist Crusader-
-Wisconsin Senator who began campaign in February, 1950 by asserting that the U.S. State Department had been infiltrated by Communists.-In 1953 he became Chair of the Senate Sub-Committee on Investigations and accused the Army of covering up foreign espionage.
-The Army-McCarthy Hearings made McCarthy look so foolish that further investigations were halted.
DESEGRAGATION
-Gunnar Myrdal wrote An American Dilemma in1944, exposing the contradiction between America’s professed belief that all men are created equal and its awful treatment of black citizens.
-Eisenhower didn't show real interest in race issue.
-African Americans such as Jackie Robinson, the first black MLB player, helped break down the racial barrier but it was not enough.
Little Rock Crisis
-Eisenhower sent in U.S. paratroopers to ensure the students could attend class
Brown VS. Board of Education
-declared that state laws that established separate public schools for black and white students denied black children equal educational opportunities
-handed down on May 17, 1954, the Warren Court's unanimous (9-0) decision stated that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal."
-Racial segregation was ruled a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution
-Paved the way for integration and the civil rights movement
The Montgomery Bus Boycot
-intended to oppose the city's policy of racial segregation on its public transit system
-Inspired a young Martin Luther King Jr.
-Caused deficits in public transit profits because a large percentage of people who used the public transportation were now boycotting it
-The struggle lasted from December 1, 1955, to December 20, 1956,
-Led to a United States Supreme Court decision that declared the Alabama and Montgomery laws requiring segregated buses unconstitutional
Civil Rights Act of 1957
-The bill was amended prior to passage to protect women
-Explicitly included white people for the first time
-Created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
REPUBLICANISM POLICIES
-Tried to curb the TVA by encouraging a private power company to build a generating plant to com-pete with the public utility created by the New Deal
-Eisenhower responded to Mexican Immigration by starting Operation Wetback which returned as many as 1 million Mexicans back to Mexico.
-Canceled the tribal preservation policies of the “Indian New Deal,” in place act 1934 by terminating the tribes as legal entities in order to revert to the assimilationist goals of the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887
-The Highway Act offered great benefits to the trucking, automobile, oil, and travel industries, but also robbed the railroads of business
BEGGINING OF THE VIETNAM WAR
-By 1954 American taxpayers were financing nearly 80% of the costs of the French colonial war in Indochina.
-American aid continued despite Frances crumbling attempts
-The Americans had no choice but to back France because there was no easy way to call off their bet
SPACE RACE
-"Rocket Fever" became rampant in the US
-Eisenhower started NASA and gave billions of dollars to missile development
-Americas first missile tries were failures
-In 1958 the National Defense and Education Act (NDEA) authorized $887 million in loans to needy college students and in grants for the improvement of teaching the sciences and languages