Kinesiology
By: Sage Foley
Diarthrotic Joints
- A freely movable joint in which a bone moves around on a central axis.
- Example: Between Radius and Ulna in the lower arm and in the Neck
Gliding:
- Allows bones to make a sliding motion either back and forth or front to back.
- Example: Carpals in wrist and Tarsals in ancle
Hinge:
- Allows only flexion and extension
- Example: Knees, Elbows, Fingers, and Toes
Condyloid:
- Can move about in many directions but cannot rotate
- Example: Metacarpals and Metatarsals
Saddle:
- Shapes of two bones complement one another
- Example: The Thumb
Ball-n-Socket:
- Bone with rounded end fits into a concave cavity on another bone. This provides the widest range of motion
- Example: Hips and Shoulders
Movements
Flexion: decrease the angle between two bones
Extension: increase the angle between two bones
Hyperextension: increase the angle between 2 bones beyond the normal range of motion
Abduction: limb moves away from the midline
Adduction: limb moves toward the midline
Rotation: movement of a bone on an axis, toward or away from the body (Internal and External)
Circumduction: circular movement of the limb around an axis. Proximal portion remains stationary while distal portion moves in circle
Supination: turning palm upward, feet raising medial margin
Pronation: turning palm downward, feet lowering medial margin
Plantarflexion: extends the foot, with toes pointing down
Dorsiflexion: flexes the foot, bringing toes up
Inversion: turns the sole of the foot inward (medially)
Eversion: turns the sole of the foot outward (laterally)
Protraction: moving shoulders and/or jaw forward
Retraction: moving shoulders and/or jaw backwards
Elevation: lifting body superiorly (upward)
Depression: lifting body inferiorly (downward)
- Opposition: moves thumb to touch the tips of the other fingers
Anatomical Positions
Medial: Toward the midline
Lateral: Away from the midline
Proximal: Near the point of attachment
Distal: Farthest from the point of attachment
Inferior: Below
Superior: Above
Anterior: Toward the front
- Posterior: Toward the back
Anatomical Planes
Sagittal: Right and Left
Axil (Transverse): Upper and Lower