Chapter Project
By: Mildred & Serge
Chapter 3: Infancy & Childhood
1. Physical, Perceptual & Language Development
How human beings change over the course of their life. Originally concerned with infants and children, the field has expanded to include adolescence, adult development, aging, and the entire lifespan.
2. Cognitive & Emotional Devlopment
Conservation refers to a logical thinking ability which, according to the psychologist Jean Piaget, is present in children during the preoperational stage of their development at ages 4–5, but develops in the concrete operational stage at ages 7–11.
3. Parenting Styles & Social Develpment
The term refers to a permissive style in which parents avoid providing guidance and discipline, make no demands for maturity, and impose few controls on their child's behavior. Permissive parents allow their children to make their own decisions regarding matters such as mealtimes, bedtimes, and watching television.
Chapter 4: Adolescence
1. Physical and Sexual Development
Adolescents are stuck somewhere between childhood and adulthood. Most adolescents remain closely tied to their parents but spend more and more time with their peers. The contradictory views of society at large are reflected not just in behavior of adolescences but in the theory psychologists.
2. Personal Development
In this Section, Rationalization is a process whereby an individual seeks to explain an often unpleasant emotional emotion or behavior in a way that will preserve his or her self-esteem.
3. Social Development
Clique is a small, exclusive group of people within a large group, and conformity is acting in accordance with some specified authority.
Chapter 6: Body & Behavior
1. The Nervous System
CNS- is comprised of the brain and spinal cord. The CNS receives sensory information from the nervous system and controls the body's responses
2. Studying The Brain
Electroencephalograph- is a non-invasive method to record electrical activity of the brain along the scalp. EEG measures voltage fluctuations resulting from ionic current within the neurons of the brain.
Chapter 7: Altered States of consciousness
1. Sleep and Dreams
the consciousness is a state of awareness, including a person's feelings, sensations, ideas, and perceptions. When we discuss altered states of consciousness, we mean that people can have different levels of awareness.
2. Hypnosis, biofeedback, and meditation
Hypnosis is a state of consciousness resulting from a narrowed focus of attention and characterized by heightened suggestibility. Biofeedback is the process of learning to control bodily states with the help of machines monitoring the states to be controlled. Meditation is the focusing of attention to clear one's mind and produce relaxation.
3. Drugs and Consciousness
A Psychoactive drug are chemicals that affect the nervous system and result in altered consciousness, and with hallucinations the perceptions that have no direct external cause.
Chapter 8: Sensation & Perception
1. Sensation
Weber's Law- states that the change in a stimulus that will be just noticeable is a constant ratio of the original stimulus.
2. The Senses
Auditory- of or relating to the sense of hearing.
3. Perception
Motion Parallax- is a type of depth perception cue in which objects that are closer to you appear to move faster than objects that are further away from you.
Chaper 9: Learning
1. Classical Conditions
Classical Conditioning is a learning procedure in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a neutral stimulus. Neutral stimulus is a stimulus that does not initially elicit any part of the unconditioned response.
2. Operant Conditioning
This is a leaning in which a certain action is reinforced or punished, resulting in corresponding increases or decreases in occurrence.
Social Learning
This is a process of altering behavior by observing and imitating the behavior of others
Chapter 10: Memory
1. Taking in & Storing Information
Chunking- A term referring to the process of taking individual units of information (chunks) and grouping them into larger units. Probably the most common example of chunking occurs in phone numbers. For example, a phone number sequence of 4-7-1-1-3-2-4 would be chunked into 471-1324.
2. Retrieving Information
Reconstructive Process- is a theory of elaborate memory recall proposed within the field of Cognitive Psychology, in which the act of remembering is influenced by various other cognitive processes including Perception Imagination, Semantic memory and Beliefs, amongst others.
Chapter 11: Thinking
1) Thinking
mental behavior wherein ideas, pictures, cognitive symbolizations, or other hypothetical components of thought are experienced or manipulated. In this sense, thinking is inclusive of imagining, recalling, solving problems, free associations, daydreaming, concept formation, and a variety of other procedures.
2) short-term memory
is the capacity for holding a small amount of information in mind in an active, readily available state for a short period of time. The duration of short-term memory (when rehearsal or active maintenance is prevented) is believed to be in the order of seconds.
3) Free yourself from the outcome
In previous generations, most people assumed that they couldn’t control the outcome of many of life’s events. Events occurred, you didn’t make them happen. Children “arrived,” they weren’t planned. You “fell in love” or entered an arranged marriage, you didn’t search for the perfect mate. You “found a job,” you didn’t agonize over the ideal career. Nowadays, however, because we really do have more control over our lives, we feel anguished when we can’t control everything.
Chapter 14: Personality
1. Psychoanalytic Theories
ego - are the three parts of the psychic apparatus defined in Sigmund Freud's structural model of the psyche; they are the three theoretical constructs in terms of whose activity and interaction our mental life is described.
2. Learning Theories
Behaviorism- the study of observable behavior, with the accompanying belief that all human activities, from feeling an emotion to performing a physical task, are forms of behavior.
3. Purposes of Personality Theories
Personality- has to do with individual differences among people in behaviour patterns, cognition and emotion.
Chapter 16: Discorders
Anxiety Disorder
are a category of mental disorders characterized by feelings of anxiety and fear, where anxiety is a worry about future events and fear is a reaction to current events.These feelings may cause physical symptoms, such as a racing heart and shakiness.There are a number of anxiety disorders: including generalized anxiety disorder, a specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, and panic disorder among others. While each has its own characteristics and symptoms, they all include symptoms of anxiety.
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
may develop after a person is exposed to one or more traumatic events, such as major stress, sexual assault , terrorism, or other threats on a person's life. The diagnosis may be given when a group of symptoms , such as disturbing recurring flashbacks, avoidance or numbing of memories of the event, and hyperarousal, continue for more than a month after the occurrence of a traumatic event.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
is an anxiety disorder with intrusive thoughts and repetitive behaviors due to fear or paranoia. It can produce uneasiness, apprehension, worry (obsessions), aimed at reducing the associated anxiety (compulsions), or a combination of such obsessions and compulsions. Symptoms of the disorder include excessive washing or cleaning, repeated checking, extreme hoarding, preoccupation with sexual, violent or religious thoughts, relationship-related obsessions, aversion to particular numbers and nervous rituals, such as opening and closing a door a certain number of times before entering or leaving a room. These symptoms are time-consuming, might result in loss of relationship with others, and often cause severe emotional and financial distress.
Chapter 17: Therapy
1) Lobotomy
The procedure, controversial from its inception, was a mainstream procedure for more than two decades (prescribed for psychiatric and occasionally other conditions) despite general recognition of frequent and serious side effects. While some patients experienced symptomatic improvement with the operation, this was achieved at the cost of creating other impairments, and this balance between benefits and risks contributed to the controversial nature of the procedure.
2) Psychoanalysis
Client-central Therapy- which is also known as person-centered, non-directive, or Rogerian therapy, is a counseling approach that requires the client to take an active role in his or her treatment with the therapist being nondirective and supportive.
3) Biological Approaches to Treatment
Electroconvulsive therapy-formerly known as electroshock therapy and often referred to as shock treatment, is a standard psychiatric treatment in which seizures are electrically induced in patients to provide relief from psychiatric illnesses.