21F
Section 21F of the State School Aid Act - Michigan U.S.A.
Parent Choice Legislation
Effective January 2014
MDE Pupil Accounting 5-0-D
21F Research Op. 1 - vol.2- Jan 2014 RKT
The following research is brought to you by
Mr. Richard Kerry Thompson,
Dean of On-Line Learning for Swartz Creek Community Schools.
In the essence of E Pluribus Unum - "Out of Many One"
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_pluribus_unum
We share this compilation, in hopes that this empirical support will help all in the great state of Michigan to understand that 21F is an Opportunity not a Threat for our students, teachers, staff, schools, community, state, nation and world.
Thank you
RKT
Richard Kerry Thompson
Email: rthompson@swcrk.org
Website: http://www.swartzcreek.org/Schools/SCGlobalLearningHub.aspx
Location: 8197 Miller Road, Swartz Creek, MI, United States
Phone: 810-591-4389
Twitter: @RKT_2013
Main Topics within this webpage...
- Defacto
- Public Acts
- FAQ -Section 21F
- MDE & MVU PowerPoint on 21F
- Don't Kill the Messenger
- MDE Pupil Accounting 5-0-A / 5-0-B / 5-0-C / 5-0-D
- Was That Today ?
- not IF - When and How
- MVU Online Symposium - Video Tutorials
- Parent Guide to Online Learning - MVU
- Planning Guide for Online and Blended Learning
- Deny - Appeal - Credit
- Guidelines for Online Courses
- Local & State Catalogs
- 21 F Compliant - 52 Standards
- INOCOL
- Michigan Learn Port
- 80/20 Rule
- Help Resources
- Opportunity vs. Threat
- Supporting Contributors
- Highlighted Questions on 21F
- MDE and MVU Contact Information
- Feedforward
- Acknowledgements
- Growth Mindset
- RKT Info
De Facto
What is a Public Act ?
Public Acts ...
1) Bills that have been approved by the Legislature and signed into law by the Governor, filed with the Secretary of State, and assigned a Public Act number. This version is as it was originally passed and is considered a legislative document. Use the search below to find legislative public act documents. To obtain versions public act documents prior to 1997, please contact the law library at (517)373-0630.
2) Public Acts also become part of the Michigan Compiled Laws. This version is as it exists today and includes the changes that have been made to it by way of subsequent legislation. This version is available provided it was not an appropriations act and it has not been repealed. Use the Public Act MCL Search page to find public acts within the Michigan Compiled Laws.
Website: http://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(odv4c355a0tmmf3onjuvct45))/mileg.aspx?page=publicacts
House Bill 4228 (2013) The Public Act 60 of 2013 (Effective: 6/13/2013)
Categories Appropriations, school aid; Appropriations, higher education; Appropriations, community colleges; School aid, fiscal year appropriations; Higher education, other
Appropriations; school aid; fiscal year 2013-2014 omnibus appropriations for school aid, higher education, and community colleges; provide for. Amends (See bill).
Links above and below
Act No. 60 Public Acts of 2013
Act No. 60
Public Acts of 2013
Approved by the Governor
June 13, 2013
Filed with the Secretary of State
June 13, 2013 EFFECTIVE DATE: June 13, 2013
STATE OF MICHIGAN
97TH LEGISLATURE
REGULAR SESSION OF 2013
Introduced by Rep. Rogers
ENROLLED HOUSE BILL No. 4228
Link Below
Website: http://www.legislature.mi.gov/documents/2013-2014/publicact/pdf/2013-PA-0060.pdf
THE STATE SCHOOL AID ACT OF 1979 (EXCERPT) Act 94 of 1979
Sec. 21f.
(1) A pupil enrolled in a district in any of grades 5 to 12 is eligible to enroll in an online course as provided for in this section. However, this section does not apply to a pupil enrolled in a school of excellence that is a cyber school, as defined in section 551 of the revised school code, MCL 380.551
Link below
FAQ-Section 21f of the State School Aid Act
Developed by the Michigan Department of Education
and Michigan Virtual University
August 29, 2013
Link above and below...
MDE & MVU Powerpoint on 21F
Expanded Online Learning Options
Expanded Online Learning Options - Presentation
Brian Ciloski, MDE
Barbara Fardell, MDE
Jamey Fitzpatrick, MVU
Michigan Association of School Business Officials
Eagle Eye Conference Center
October 22, 2014
Link below
Pupil Accounting
MDE Pupil Accounting Manual - Online Learning Opportunities
- 5-O-A: VIRTUAL LEARNING, DISTANCE LEARNING, & INDEPENDENT STUDY
- 5-O-B: SEAT TIME WAIVER
- 5-O-C: CYBER SCHOOLS
- 5-O-D: EXPANDED ONLINE LEARNING (21F)
5-O-A: VIRTUAL LEARNING, DISTANCE LEARNING, & INDEPENDENT STUDY
Virtual learning is a method of receiving academic instruction in courses in which the pupil is registered and the courses are taken through a computer-based internet-connected learning environment. Virtual learning may be offered at a supervised school facility during the day as a scheduled class period, through distance learning, or through self-scheduled learning where pupils have some control over the time, location, and pace of their education.
Distance learning is a method of receiving academic instruction in courses, for which the pupil is registered, via a two-way communication between the teacher of record and a group of pupils. Independent study is a type of learning experience that is academic in nature that allows the pupil an opportunity for self-directed learning.
Link below
Website: http://mi.gov/documents/5O-VirtualHS-DistLearning_41466_7.pdf
5-O-B: SEAT TIME WAIVER
An intermediate school district, a local school district, or a public school academy seeking to offer pupils access to online learning options and seeking to offer the opportunity to continue working on a high school diploma or grade progression without physically attending at the school facility may choose to do so under a seat time waiver. The seat time waiver is a Department approved alternative or innovative education program that removes the days, hours, and physical attendance requirements, and lifts the cap on the number of online courses (if limited in Administrative Rule by
course type) a pupil can enroll in during the count period, as defined by Administrative Rule 340.11.
Note: 3 or more classes are required for a student to be on the Seat Time Waiver.
Because 3 is the magic number !!!!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aU4pyiB-kq0
Link below
Website: http://www.michigan.gov/documents/mde/5-O-B_SeatTimeWaivers_329678_7.pdf
Seat Time Waiver
WHAT’S NEW IN
PUPIL ACCOUNTING FOR VIRTUAL LEARNING AND
SEAT TIME WAIVERS
Debi Hartman
Genesee ISD
September 2013
PDF of PowerPoint Below...
5-O-C: CYBER SCHOOLS
Cyber schools, also known as “100 percent online schools,” provide 100 percent of a pupil’s public instruction through online learning. Administrative Rule 340.11 defines online learning as “a nontraditional method of receiving pupil instruction for courses that are taken through online learning or otherwise on a computer or other technology.” Online learning can take different forms,
including scheduled (i.e., pupil must attend a pre-arranged classroom to gain access to the computer-based content), blended (i.e., the teacher uses both traditional classroom and online forums to deliver instruction), and self-scheduled (i.e., pupil learning that does not require a teacher or pupil to be physically present in a classroom).
Link below
Website: http://mi.gov/documents/mde/5OC__CYBER_SCHOOLS_430345_7.pdf
5-O-D: EXPANDED ONLINE LEARNING
Michigan Department of Education August 2013
Pupil Accounting Manual
Expanded Online Learning 5-O-D-1
This information is provided as a service of the Michigan Department of Education and is distributed with the understanding that the Department of Education is not engaged in rendering legal advice. Those individuals desiring or requiring legal
advice should seek the services of an attorney. Individuals should use this as a companion document in conjunction with the relevant statue(s), court case(s), Attorney General opinion(s), and administrative rule(s).
5-O-D: EXPANDED ONLINE LEARNING
This section does not apply to pupils who enrolled in a cyber school as described in Section
551(2)(e) of the Revised School Code (MCL 380.551).
Note:
Up to 2 classes online refers to the 5-O-D (Parent Choice) - This is the 21F legislation
0r 5-0-A Up to 2 classes on line (school implemented)
As opposed to 3 classes Online (5-O-B Seat time Waiver)
Please see Mrs. Pam Sovis letter at bottom of webpage for further explanation
Link below
Website: http://michigan.gov/documents/mde/5OD__EXPANDED_ONLINE_LEARNING_430347_7.pdf
Effective January 2014
How will this affect YOU ?
Below are the latest trainings from MVU
MVU Online Symposium 2013 resources
9th Annual MVU Online Learning Symposium 2013
Microsoft Silverlight
Link below
Website: http://www.microsoft.com/getsilverlight/Get-Started/Install/Default.aspx
Session 1. Implementation of Section 21F
- Jamey Fitzpatrick, President & CEO, Michigan Virtual University
On Demand
Monday, November 11, 2013
10:15 AM EST
24 Minutes 31 Seconds
Link below
Session 2. Online Course Review Pt. 1
- Kristen Debruler, Researcher, MVU
On Demand
Tuesday, November 26, 2013
2:30 PM EST
4 Minutes 6 Seconds
Link below
Session 2. Online Course Review Pt. 2
- Justin Bruno, Research Associate, MVU
On Demand
Tuesday, November 26, 2013
2:30 PM EST
13 Minutes 45 Seconds
Link below
Session 3. What do you tell a parent? Pt. 1
- Jay Bennett, Business & Sales Developer, MVU
On Demand
Tuesday, November 26, 2013
9:00 AM EST
5 Minutes 14 Seconds
Link below
10 Things Students like about Online Learning
Session 3. What do you tell a parent? Pt. 2
- Rebecca Stimson, Content & Proposal Writer, MVU
On Demand
Tuesday, November 26, 2013
9:00 AM EST
4 Minutes 34 Seconds
Link below
Parent Guide to Online Learning - MVU
Introduction
This guide has been prepared for parents, guardians, counselors, and others who want to help
students decide whether online courses are a good option for them.
In the pages that follow, you will find information about:
DD Online learning opportunities,
DD Characteristics of a successful online learner, and
DD How to prepare for learning online.
Link below
Website: http://media.mivu.org/institute/pdf/parent_guide_2013.pdf
Planning Guide for Blended Learning
Planning Guide for Creating ne w M o d e l s for Student SucceS S Online and Blended Learning
the successful introduction of online learning begins with
an organized strategic planning process that includes key
stakeholders, targeted student groups and a defined set of
educational goals. school leaders need to consider four focus
areas that serve to support the district’s online learning goals:
content acquisition and development, teaching and professional
development, technology, and program operational issues such
as student services, budgeting and evaluation.
Link below
Characteristics of successful online learners
Self-motivated
Students who can direct their own learning environment, fulfill course requirements and achieve individual academic success.
Independent learner
The online environment enables students to learn at their own pace, whether it’s traditional, extended or accelerated, relieving the stress of feeling rushed or pressured and providing enjoyment in the learning process.
Computer literate
Although it’s not necessary to have advanced computer skills, students should possess a working knowledge of electronic email, the Internet and basic keyboarding skills.
Time management
Students must be able to organize and plan their own best “time to learn.” There is no one best time for everyone, but the key to learning is to commit the time to learn.
Effective writing skills
Students must use electronic email to communicate with their peers as well as their instructors. The ability to write clearly in order to communicate ideas and assignments is very important to student success as well as a means to inform instructors of any concerns or problems.
Personal commitment
Since there are no bells that begin and end classes, students must have a strong desire to learn and achieve knowledge and skills via online courses. Making a commitment to learn in this manner is a very personal decision and requires a strong commitment to participate in order to achieve academic success.
Website: http://www.mivhs.org/Parents
Deny - Appeal -Credit
Reasons to Deny Online Enrollments
1. Pupil has already earned credits for the course
2. Online course cannot generate credits
3. Online course is inconsistent with pupil’s remaining graduation requirements or career interests.
4. Pupil does not possess the prerequisite knowledge or skills needed for the course
5. Pupil failed a previous online course in the same subject
6. The online course is of insufficient quality or rigor. A district that denies a pupil enrollment for this reason shall make a reasonable effort to assist the pupil to find an alternative course in the same or in a similar subject that is of acceptable rigor and quality.
Page 15 link below
MDE High School Requirements
Appeal Process
A student and his or her parent(s) may appeal a denial by submitting a letter to the superintendent of the intermediate school district (ISD) in which the student’s educating district is located. The letter must state the denial reason, as well as justification
for why the enrollment should be allowed.
A response to the appeal must be issued within 5 days after it is received.
Page 16 link
Credit for Online Courses?
Districts must grant appropriate academic credit for successful online course completions and must count that credit toward completion of graduation
and subject area requirements. In addition, a student’s record and transcript must identify the online course title as it appears in the online course syllabus.
Page 17 Link below
Guidelines and Model Review Process for Online Courses
by the Michigan Virtual University®
Version 1.0
September 23, 2013
Starting October 1, 2013, Section 21f of School Aid Act (MCL 388.1621f 1
) establishes that public school pupils in 5th through 12th grade (with the consent of parent or legal guardian if the student is under 18 or if the pupil is an emancipated minor) may enroll in up to two online courses during an academic term (semester or trimester). Online course offerings may be selected either from the syllabi available within the district catalog of online courses at the pupil’s resident district or from those available in the statewide catalog of online courses maintained by the Michigan Virtual University® (MVU®). The statewide catalog will house the online course syllabi that are made available by Michigan school districts as well as those provided by the Michigan Virtual School®.
Link below
Website: http://media.mivu.org/institute/pdf/guidelines_model_2013.pdf
Michigan's Online Course Catalog
About Michigan's Online Course Catalog
Michigan's Online Course Catalog was developed in the fall of 2013 as a result of Public Act 60 of 2013. This legislation allows students in grades 5 through 12 who are enrolled in a Michigan public local district or public school academy (not including full-time cyber schools) and who have consent from their parent or guardian to take up to two online courses per academic term. Consent of the parent or legal guardian is not required if the student is at least age 18 or is an emancipated minor.
Link below
Local & Statewide Catalogs
Local District Catalog
Odysseyware / E20 20 - Edgeunity / Plato - Edmentum / Compass Etc
This is for districts to complete their local district catelog
Link below
Website: https://micourses.org/PublicUsers/CatalogSearch.aspx?Area=D
Statewide Catalog
Only those that the district chooses to have offered to other schools will be posted in the statewide catalog for other districts.
Link below
Website: https://micourses.org/PublicUsers/CatalogSearch.aspx?Area=S
21F Compliant
52 Standards for a course to be compliant
Richard,
You can find the 52 iNACOL standards in appendix A of the Guidelines and Model Review Process
http://media.mivu.org/institute/pdf/guidelines_model_2013.pdf
Please note that as the guide mentions, the 0-4 points scale published by iNACOL has been modified for its use here. It has been reduced to a 3 point scale (not met, partially met, fully met)
Cheers,
Joe
From: Thompson, Richard [mailto:rthompson@swcrk.org]
Sent: Tuesday, December 17, 2013 5:00 PM
To: Terri Sherman
Cc: Joe Freidhoff
Subject: RE: 52 Standards for 21F course
Page 29 link below
Website: http://media.mivu.org/institute/pdf/guidelines_model_2013.pdf
As a condition of offering an online course
As a condition of offering an online course, either as part of a district catalog or as part of the statewide catalog, a district is
responsible for producing an online course syllabus.
Section 21f(12)(B) requires that an online course syllabus include all of the following 52 components
(i) The state academic standards
addressed in an online course
(ii) The online course content
outline.
(iii) The online course required
assessments.
(iv) The online course prerequisites.
(v) Expectations for actual instructor
contact time with the online
learning pupil and other pupil-to Instructor communication
(vi) Academic support available to
the online learning pupil.
(vii) The online course learning
outcomes and objectives.
(viii) The name of the institution or
organization providing the online
content.
(ix) The name of the institution or
organization providing the online
instructor.
(x) The course titles assigned by
the district and the course titles
and course codes from the national
center for education statistics (NCES)
school codes for the exchange of
data (SCED).
(xi) The number of eligible
nonresident pupils that will be
accepted by the district in the online
course
(xii) The results of the online course
quality review using the guidelines
and model review process published
by the Michigan Virtual University.
Website: http://media.mivu.org/institute/pdf/guidelines_model_2013.pdf
The International Association for K-12 Online Learning
Website: http://www.inacol.org/
Courses to teach you how to create Blended courses by Learnport
Michigan LearnPort
for Educators
Michigan LearnPort provides online learning
solutions for educators: Access high-quality
online courses and resources,meet
professional development requirements,
earn State Continuing Education Clock Hours
and more.
Link below
Website: http://www.learnport.org/
Online learning opinions and facts
Articles/Reports
Online learning opinions and facts
MVU began as an agent for change in education, promoting the expansion and improvement of online learning in Michigan. That role focuses on the K-12 community, providing online learning products, services and solutions for students, teachers and administrators.
This collection of reports and articles is intended to provide some of the latest research and thought regarding MVU and online learning.
Link below
Website: http://www.mivu.org/Articles-Reports
Help Resources
Welcome to the help resource section of Michigan's Online Course Catalog.
Please Select the Description that Best Describes You
- I am a parent, student, or counselor who wants to search the catalog.
- I work in a district and need help adding online course syllabi to the catalog.
- I work for a company that sells online courses
I am a parent, student, or counselor who wants to search the catalog.
Resources for Parents, Students, and Counselors
- Search for Courses Available Only to Students From My Local District
- Search for Courses Available to any Student in Michigan
- Print a Course Syllabus
- Enroll in an Online Course
I work in a district and need help adding online course syllabi to the catalog.
Welcome District Users
The resources available on this page are designed to assist district users who are responsible for adding and maintaining their district's online course syllabi.
District User Registration
- Request District Registration Code
- Register District User
- How to Login
- Add Additional District Users
- Edit Profile
- Change Password
Managing Online Course Syllabi
- Search Your Syllabi
- Add New Course Syllabi
- Import 3rd Party Syllabi
- Determining SCED Code Information
- Add Course Review Information to Syllabi
- Manage Terms
- Manage Pricing
- Creating Course Offerings
District Compliance Issues
I work for a company that sells online courses
Welcome Online Course Vendors
Please note that online course vendors are not allowed to offer online courses directly through Michigan's Online Course Catalog. Online courses must be offered by Michigan public school districts or the Michigan Virtual School. Both Michigan public school districts and the Michigan Virtual School, however, can decide to offer online courses provided by vendors.
The resources shared below are designed to assist vendors with adding their online course syllabi information to Michigan's Online Course Catalog. While this information will not be visible to the general public, districts will be able to view vendor syllabi and easily import them into their district syllabi to create course offerings.
Online Course Vendor Resources
- Online Course Vendor Registration
- How to Login
- Edit Profile
- Change Password
- Add Third-Party Syllabi Information
- Determining SCED Code Information
- Add Course Review Information to Syllabi
Opportunity vs. Threat
Paradigm Shift
Link Below
Supporting contributors on 21F
Mrs. Pam Sovis, GISD
Good morning,
There appears to be some confusion regarding 21f and whether it replaces the laws already governing online students. This email is being sent to help clarify how this new legislation affects students who enroll in online courses. Please share this information with your counselors and any staff who assist with online course enrollments.
Seat Time Waiver students
There are no changes to the rules for Seat Time Waiver students. The process is not affected by 21f, and STW students can still take courses that are taught by certified teachers, even if the online instructor is not certified in Michigan. In addition, these teacher-led courses can be selected from other sources, including the GenNET Portal (www.gennet.us). They are not required to be listed in the State-Wide Catalog.
5-0-A students
There are no changes to the rules for 5-0-A students, so the guidelines for students taking up to two online courses are still in effect. Schools can use the same process as in the past to enroll students in one or two online courses, including course resources such as the GenNET Portal (www.gennet.us). They are not required to only choose courses from the State-Wide Catalog.
21f students
If a parent wants his/her student enrolled in a course found in the State-Wide Catalog, then that student falls under the 21f legislation. This can be considered “parent choice legislation” because it allows parents to select one or two online courses per semester for their child(ren). Parents are only able to select from courses in the State-Wide Catalog.
We hope this information is helpful as you navigate through online learning options for your students. If you need further clarification or assistance, please feel free to contact us at 810-591-4401.
Thank you,
Pam
Pam Sovis
Online Learning Portal Facilitator
Genesee Intermediate School District
Technology and Media Services
Email: OnlineLearning@geneseeisd.org
Phone: 810-591-4401
MASSP - Colin Ripmaster
MI Online Learning and Section 21f of 2013 School Aid Act
Published on Dec 6, 2013
In early November MVU in partnership with MASSP hosted an online learning symposium specific to 21f and the implications for Michigan schools. Since that meeting, MASSP has received many inquires about 21f and other online learning opportunities schools have offered.
In this screencast, Colin Ripmaster, MASSP's Associate Director reviews 21f, as well as other options afforded in Section 5-O of the Michigan Pupil Accounting Manual based on questions received.
You tube below
Email: colinripmaster@gmail.com
Website: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCeePrNnL6mp7B3bqounFmXA?feature=watch
Articles on 21F
Online Learning and the School Aid Act...What You NEED to Know! Submitted by Colin Ripmaster on Mon, 08/05/2013
21 f of the School Aid Act - Anupam Chugh
Link below
Email: chugh@resa.net
Website: https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1BwXPMkd_NVpIxfSQbZHslFbPtdiGVSfR_dUmFSxCw6o/edit?pli=1#slide=id.p
Presentation on 21 f of the School Aid Act
I came across through a search engine
Thank you Anupam
email : chugha@resa.net
Link below to the presentation
Highlighted Questions on 21F
Summer & 21 F
These answers are taken from the most recent FAQ on our Web site at
http://www.mivu.org/Portals/0/21F%20FAQ%20dec13_rev.pdf
49. Is a district required to provide students with Section 21f options during the summer?
Answer: No, districts are only required to enroll students in courses under Section 21f during the regular school year. The regular school year may, however, extend into what is traditionally considered the summer break if the school operates on a year-round or extended school calendar.
(An important factor is whether a decision to extend a student into the summer is mandatory or permissive (not mandatory by legislation). Joe F. is copied on this response as our most knowledgeable staff member on our FAQ.
Hope these address your questions.
In reply or forwarded by:
David Myers
Vice President of Educational Programs and Outreach
E-mail: dmyers@mivu.org Desk: 517.664.5468 Fax: 517.336.7787
Postal Address: David Myers, Michigan Virtual University, 3101 Technology Parkway – Suite G, Lansing, MI 48910 USA
21F & Non Core Classes
These answers are taken from the most recent FAQ on our Web site at
http://www.mivu.org/Portals/0/21F%20FAQ%20dec13_rev.pdf
21f does not change the types of courses a district can provide to a non-public school student. Question 25 addresses non-core courses because that is the only kind a school may offer non-public school students.
Hope these address your questions.
In reply or forwarded by:
David Myers
Vice President of Educational Programs and Outreach
E-mail: dmyers@mivu.org Desk: 517.664.5468 Fax: 517.336.7787
Postal Address: David Myers, Michigan Virtual University, 3101 Technology Parkway – Suite G, Lansing, MI 48910 USA
MDE and MVU Contact info
Contact Information
Brian Ciloski, Analyst
Michigan Department of Education
Barbara Fardell, Manager
Michigan Department of Education
Jamey Fitzpatrick, President & CEO
Michigan Virtual University
MVS Partnering with your school to bring you more choices
With MVS® you can take up to two courses online but still attend your
school. MVS partners with your school to connect you to seven world
language and 21 AP courses, and with classmates from around the state.
Website: http://www.mivhs.org/Portals/0/Files/Parents/ChangeEd_ChangeLives_Final.pdf
Feedforward
Acknowledgements
In no particular order yet a grateful heart to all..
Adam Hartley - Anupam Chuch - Barb Fardell - Ben Gillett - Brain Barber - Brian Ciloski - Colin Ripmaster - David Myers - Jamie Fitzpatrick- Jason Marenette - Jason Mensing - Jeff Hall - Jim Annanich - Jim Thompson - Joe Friedhoff -Lisa Hagel - Mike Minor - Pam Sovis - Roy Sovis - Lisa Hagel - Phil Phelps - Sanford Danziger - Teri Sherman - Thomas Soria - Tim Lewis - Mike & Debbie Vanderlip - Dr. Shaw - Ginger Ortiz - Jay Bennett - Michigan Virtual University - Michigan Department of Education - Debi Hartman - Dr.Carol Klenow -
Growth Mindset
Mr. Richard Kerry Thompson
This webpage was compiled in a Romanistic essence for the greater good of all. Gathering information from all for one.
Please feel free to contact me if you have any comments or feedforward...
Above are links for the real leaders of the 21F please contact them for further questions.
Email: rthompson@swcrk.org
Website: http://www.swartzcreek.org/
Location: 8197 Miller Road, Swartz Creek, MI, United States
Phone: 8105914389
Twitter: @RKT_2013