Reference Examples
A 'How to Guide' to correct referencing
Why bother?
When using the words, thoughts or images of others, summarising, paraphrasing or using quotations you must acknowledge everything that you use.
Why it's important:
- to support your ideas and arguments
- to show the variety and breadth of your research
- to help the reader trace your source material
- to acknowledge your sources and avoid plagiarism
- to meet the assessment criteria - done correctly, it can get you a higher mark!
Some important definitions...
In-text Citation
Reference List
Bibliography
Points/Style rules to note:
Author(s)
An Author can be an organisation as well as an individual(s)
Use their last name, followed by their initial(s) e.g. Thomas, M. L.
Editor(s), Caller(s), Interviewer(s), Lyricist(s), Photographer(s), Speaker(s) etc.
Follow the same style rule as above: last name, followed by their initial(s)
Page(s)
Use p. for a single page, pp. for two or more pages e.g. p.4, pp.4-5
Adverts
Advert: billboard
Author (Year) Title of the advert [Billboard at ...]. Day month.
- Day month is the date viewed e.g. 28 March
- [Billboard at] e.g. [Billboard at Haden Way, Birmingham]
Advert: magazine
Title of the Magazine (Year) 'Title of the advert' [Advertisement]. Date, page(s).
Advert: newspaper
Title of the Newspaper (Year) 'Title of the advert' [Advertisement]. Day month, page(s).
Advert: online
Author (Year) Title of the advert [Advertisement]. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
- (Accessed: date) e.g. (Accessed: 28 March 2014)
Advert: television
Author (Year) Title of the advert [Advertisement on ...]. Day month.
- [Advertisement on ...] e.g. [Advertisement on Channel 4 Television]
Blogs
Author (Year) 'Title of the blog message', Title of the website, day month. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
- (Accessed: date) e.g. (Accessed: 28 March 2014)
Books
Reference online books in the same way as the printed version
Author (Year) Title of the book. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher.
- use Edition only when it is not the first e.g. 4th edn.
Book: chapter/part in an edited book
Author of the chapter (Year) 'Title of the chapter', in Editor (ed.) Title of the book. Place of publication: Publisher, page(s).
Book: editor(s)
Editor (ed.) (Year) Title of the book. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher.
- use (eds.) for more than one editor
Book: multiple authors
Author, Author and Author (Year) Title of the book. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher.
Book: no author
Title of the book (Year) Place of publication: Publisher.
Emails
Sender (Year) Email to ..., day month.
- Email to ... e.g. Email to Steve McCabe
Exhibitions
Title of the exhibition (Year) [Exhibition]. Location. Date(s) of exhibition.
- Location e.g. Tate Modern
- Date(s) of exhibition e.g. 13 February 2014-26 May 2014
Author (Year) Title of the page, day month. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
- use the day month of when the message was posted
- (Accessed: date) e.g. (Accessed: 28 March 2014)
Films
Title of the film (Year) Directed by ... [Film]. Place of distribution: Distribution Company.
- Directed by e.g. Directed by Wes Anderson
Government Publications
Online
Government Department (Year) Title of the publication. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
- (Accessed: date) e.g. (Accessed: 28 March 2014)
Graffiti
Title or description (Year) [Graffiti] Location. Day month.
- Location e.g. Fazeley Street, Birmingham
- Day month is the date viewed e.g. 28 March
Handouts from your teacher
Interviews
Interviewer (Year) Interview with ..., day month.
- Interview with ... e.g. Interview with Steve McCabe
Journal articles
Reference online journal articles in the same way as the printed version
Author (Year) 'Title of the article', Title of the Journal, volume(part, month, season or date), page(s).
- volume number(part, month ...) e.g. 14(3), 14(September)
- if there is no volume number, use (month), (season) or (date) e.g. (Spring), (6 May)
Leaflets
Author (Year) Title of the leaflet, [Leaflet obtained in ...], date.
- if there is no (Year), use (no date)
- [Leaflet obtained in ...] e.g. [Leaflet obtained in Brook Birmingham]
- date is when you obtained the leaflet e.g. 28 March 2014
Letters
Sender (Year) Letter to ..., day month.
- Letter to ... e.g. Letter to Steve McCabe
Lyrics
Newspaper Articles
Reference online newspapers in the same way as the printed version
Author (Year) 'Title of the article', Title of the Newspaper (Section), day month, page(s).
- use (Section) only if it is not the main e.g. (Society), (G2)
Newspaper article: no author
Title of the Newspaper (Year) 'Title of the article', day month, page(s).
Photographs
Online
Photographer (Year) Title of the photograph. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
- (Accessed: date) e.g. (Accessed: 28 March 2014)
Plays
Title of the play by ... (Year) Directed by ... [Location. Day month].
- Title of the play by ... e.g. Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck
- Directed by ... e.g. Directed by Roxana Silbert
- [Location. Day month] e.g. [Royal Shakespeare Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon. 28 March]
Podcasts
Author (Year) Title of the podcast [Podcast]. Day month. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
- (Accessed: date) e.g. (Accessed: 28 March 2014)
Radio Programmes
Title of the Programme (Year) Name of the Channel, day month.
Radio programme: online
Title of the Programme (Year) Name of the Channel, day month. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
- use the day month of the original transmission
- (Accessed: date) e.g. (Accessed: 28 March 2014)
Sacred Texts
The Bible
Book of the Bible Chapter: verse, Holy Bible. Version of the Bible.
- do not italicise the name of the book
The Qur'an
Qur'an Surah: verse (Year) Translated by ... Place of publication: Publisher.
- do not italicise the name of the book
- Translated by ... e.g. Translated by Abdel Haleem
The Torah
Torah Book Chapter: verse.
- do not italicise the name of the book
Skype
Speaker (Year) Skype conversation with ..., day month.
- Skype conversation with ... e.g. Skype conversation with Shabana Mahmood
Telephone conversations
Caller (Year) Telephone conversation with ..., day month.
- Telephone conversation with ... e.g. Telephone conversation with Shabana Mahmood
Television programme
'Title of the episode' (Year) Title of the Programme, Series number, episode number. Name of the Channel, day month.
TV Programme: no episode
Title of the Programme (Year) Name of the Channel, day month.
TV Programme: online
'Title of the episode' (Year) Title of the Programme, Series number, episode number, Name of the Channel, day month. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
- use the day month of the original transmission
- (Accessed: date) e.g. (Accessed: 28 March 2014)
Author (Year) Day month. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
- use the Day month when the message was posted e.g. 28 March
- (Accessed: date) e.g. (Accessed: 28 March 2014)
Webpages
Author (Year) Title of the webpage. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
- (Accessed: date) e.g. (Accessed: 28 March 2014)
Webpage: no author
Title of the webpage (Year) Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Webpage: no author, title or date
URL (no date) (Accessed: date).
YOU WOULD BE WISE TO CONSIDER WHETHER THIS IS A SUITABLE SOURCE TO USE FOR YOUR COURSEWORK
Wikis
'Title of the Wiki article' (Year) Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
- (Accessed: date) e.g. (Accessed: 28 March 2014)