The Periodic Table
Augusta, Tia, Caroline
Group 13
Period 2
Atomic Structure
Boron: Proton- 5 Neutron- 6 Electron- 5
Aluminum: Proton- 13 Neutron- 14 Electron- 13
Gallium: Proton- 31 Neutron- 29 Electron- 31
Indium: Proton- 49 Neutron- 66 Electron- 49
Thallium: Proton- 81 Neutron- 123 Electron- 81
Ununtrium: Proton- 113 Neutron- 171 Electron- 113
Lithium: Proton- 3 Neutron- 4 Electron-3
Beryllium: Proton-4 Neutron-5 Electron-4
Boron: Proton- 5 Neutron- 6 Electron- 5
Carbon: Proton-6 Neutron-6 Electron-6
Nitrogen: Proton-7 Neutron-7 Electron-7
Oxygen: Proton-8 Neutron-8 Electron-8
Fluorine: Proton-9 Neutron-9 Electron-9
Neon: Proton-10 Neutron-10 Electron-10
Atomic Mass
Boron: 10.81 amu
Aluminum: 26.982 amu
Gallium: 69.723 amu
Indium: 114.82 amu
Thallium: 204.38 amu
Ununtrium: 284 amu
Lithium: 6.94 amu
Beryllium: 9.0122 amu
Boron: 10.81 amu
Carbon: 12.011 amu
Nitrogen: 14.007 amu
Oxygen: 15.999 amu
Fluorine: 18.998 amu
Neon: 20.180 amu
Bonding
Boron: According to the Octet Rule, Boron should have space for 5 electrons, but it is an exception because it is a very small atom. Boron forms 3 covalent bonds.
Aluminum: Forms 5 covalent bonds
Gallium: Forms 5 covalent bonds
Indium: Forms 5 covalent bonds
Thallium: Forms 5 covalent bonds
Ununtrium: Forms 5 covalent bonds
Lithium: Forms 7 ionic bonds
Beryllium: Forms 6 ionic bonds
Boron: Forms 3 covalent bonds
Carbon: Forms 4 covalent bonds
Nitrogen: Forms 3 covalent bonds
Oxygen: Forms 2 covalent bonds
Fluorine: Forms 1 covalent bond
Neon: Forms no bonds because it already has 8 valence electrons and does not need any other element to share electrons with.
Periodic Trends: Group 13
Boron
Atomic radii: 85pm
Ionic radii: 41 pm
reactivity: mild or none
electronegativity: 2.04
ionization energy: 1st - 800.6 kJ mol-1; 2nd - 2427.1 kJ mol-1; 3rd - 3659.7 kJ mol-1
valence electrons: 3
electron configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p1
State: black powder
Boiling point: 3727 C
Melting point: 2075 C
Boron is a mettaliod
Aluminum
atomic radii: 125 pm
ionic radii: 53.5 pm
reactivity: mild
electronegativity: 1.61
ionization energy: 1st- 577.6 kJ mol-1 ; 2nd- 1816.6 kJ mol-1 ; 3rd- 2744.7 kJ mol-1
valence electrons: 3
electron configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1
State: silvery solid
Boiling point: 2466.85 C
Melting point: 660.32 C
Aluminum is an 'other metal'
Gallium
atomic radii: 135 pm
ionic radii: 76 pm
reactivity: mild
electronegativity: 1.81
ionization energy: 1st- 578.8 kJ mol-1 ; 2nd- 1979.3 kJ mol-1 ; 3rd- 2963 kJ mol-1
valence electrons: 3
electron configuration: [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
State: silvery- blue solid
Boiling point: 2200 C
Melting point: 29.76 C
Gallium is an 'other metal'
Indium
atomic radii: 155 pm
ionic radii: 94 pm
reactivity: mild
electronegativity: 1.78
ionization energy: 1st- 558.3 kJ mol-1 ; 2nd- 1820.6 kJ mol-1 ; 3rd- 2704.5 kJ mol-1
valence electrons: 3
electron configuration: [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1
State: silvery- white solid
Boiling point: 2070 C
Melting point: 156.6 C
Indium is an 'other metal'
Thallium
atomic radii: 190 pm
ionic radii: 164 pm, 102.5 pm
reactivity: mild
electronegativity: 1.83
ionization energy: 1st- 589.4 kJ mol-1 ; 2nd- 1971 kJ mol-1 ; 3rd- 2878 kJ mol-1
valence electrons: 3
electron configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1
State: silvery-gray solid
Boiling point: 1473 C
Melting point: 304 C
Thallium is an 'other metal'
Ununtrium
atomic radii:
ionic radii:
reactivity:
electronegativity:
ionization energy:
valence electrons: 3
electron configuration: [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p1
state:
Boiling point:
Melting point:
Ununtrium is an 'other metal'
Periodic Trends: Period 2
Lithium
atomic radii: 145 pm
ionic radii: 90 pm
reactivity: vigorous
electronegativity: 0.98
ionization energy: 1st- 520.2 kJ mol-1 ; 2nd- 7298.1 kJ mol-1 ; 3rd- 11815.0 kJ mol-1
valence electrons: 1electron configuration: 1s2 2s1
State: silvery solid
Boiling point: 1347 C
Melting point: 180.54 C
Lithium is an alkali metal
Beryllium
atomic radii: 112 pm
ionic radii: 45 pm
reactivity: mild
electronegativity: 1.57
ionization energy: 1st- 899.5 kJ mol-1 ; 2nd- 1757.1 kJ mol-1 ; 3rd- 14848.7 kJ mol-1
valence electrons: 2
electron configuration: 1s2 2s2
State: steel gray solid
Boiling point: 2469 C
Melting point: 1278 C
Beryllium is an alkali earth metal
Boron
Atomic radii: 85 pm
ionic radii: 41 pm
reactivity: mild or none
electronegativity: 2.04
ionization energy: 1st - 800.6 kJ mol-1; 2nd - 2427.1 kJ mol-1; 3rd - 3659.7 kJ mol-1
valence electrons: 3
electron configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p1
State: black powder
Boiling point: 3727 C
Melting point: 2075 C
Boron is a mettaliod
Carbon
Atomic radii: 70 pm
Ionic radii: none
Reactivity: mild/none
Electronegativity: 2.55
Ionization energy: 1st- 1086.5 kJ mol-1 ; 2nd- 2352.6 kJ mol-1 ; 3rd- 4620.5 kJ mol-1
Valence electrons: 4
Electron configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p2
State: black (graphite), transparent (diamond)
Boiling point: 3825 C
Melting point: 3550 C
Carbon is a nonmetal
Nitrogen
Atomic radii: 65 pm
Ionic radii: 30 pm
Reactivity: none
Electronegativity: 3.04
Ionization energy: 1st- 1402.3 kJ mol-1 ; 2nd- 2856 kJ mol-1 ; 3rd- 4578 kJ mol-1
Valence electrons: 5
Electron configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p3
State: gas
Boiling point: -195.8 oC
Melting point: -210.1 oC
Nitrogen is a nonmetal
Oxygen
Atomic radii: 60 pm
Ionic radii: none
Reactivity: none
Electronegativity: 3.44
Ionization energy: 1st- 1313.9 kJ mol-1 ; 2nd- 3388.2 kJ mol-1 ; 3rd- 5300.3 kJ mol-1
Valence electrons: 6
Electron configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p4
State: gas
Boiling point: -182.9 oC
Melting point: -218.3 C
Oxygen is a nonmetal
Fluorine
Atomic radii: 50 pm
Ionic radii: 119 pm
Reactivity: vigorous
Electronegativity: 3.98
Ionization energy: 1st- 1681 kJ mol-1 ; 2nd- 3374.1 kJ mol-1 ; 3rd- 6050.3 kJ mol-1
Valence electrons: 7
Electron configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p5
State: pale yellow gas
Boiling point: -188.1 C
Melting point: -219.6 C
Fluorine is a nonmetal and it is in the halogen family
Neon
Atomic radii: 38 pm
Ionic radii: none
Reactivity: none
Electronegativity:
Ionization energy: 1st- 2080.6 kJ mol-1 ; 2nd-3952.2 kJ mol-1 ; 3rd- 6121.9 kJ mol-1
Valence electrons: 8Electron configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6
State: colorless gas
Boiling point: -246.0 C
Melting point: -248.57 C
Neon is a nonmetal and is in the noble gas family
Works Cited
"Bond counting predicting numbers of bonds." Welcome, New Valued Customer!. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Dec. 2012. http://www.800mainstreet.com/5/0005-002-a-covalent-oct.htm.
"Carbon." Periodic Table of Elements and Chemistry. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Dec. 2012. http://www.chemicool.com/elements/carbon.html.