Skeletal/Muscular System
Each Object
Joints Found where two (2) bones meet
Cartilage Surrounds the end on bone to prevent grinding upon another bone
Ligaments Tough band of tissue attaching one bone to another
Tendons Thick bands of tissue connecting muscle to bone
Nerves feel things
OI
treatments Rodding Surgery(Osteogenesis Imperfecta Foundation)
Living with it
- Be well informed about OI.
- Develop an effective support network.
- Resolve the social and emotional needs of the person with OI and their family members as they arise.
- Include interesting and fun activities in your schedule.
Although the number of people affected with OI in the United States is unknown, the best estimate suggests a minimum of 20,000 and possibly as many as 50,000.'
- Symptoms
- Blue tint to the whites of their eyes (blue sclera)
- Multiple bone fractures.
- Early hearing loss (deafness)
Bone Cancer
- Osteosarcoma - occurs most often between ages 10 and 19. It is more common in the knee and upper arm.
Treatment options
- Abitrexate (Methotrexate)
- Cosmegen (Dactinomycin)
- Dactinomycin
- Denosumab
- Doxorubicin Hydrochloride
- Folex (Methotrexate)
- Folex PFS (Methotrexate)
- Methotrexate
- Methotrexate LPF (Methotrexate)
- Mexate (Methotrexate)
- Mexate-AQ (Methotrexate)
- Xgeva (Denosumab)
Prevalence The number of new cases of bone and joint cancer was 0.9 per 100,000 men and women per year. The number of deaths was 0.4 per 100,000 men and women per year. These rates are age-adjusted and based on 2007-2011 cases and deaths.
Symptoms.
- one pain
- Swelling and tenderness near the affected area
- Broken bone
- Fatigue
- Unintended weight loss
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- An action potential from a motor neuron triggers the release of Ca2+ ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
- Calcium ions expose the myosin heads by binding to a blocking molecule (troponin complexed with tropomyosin) and causing it to move
- The myosin heads form a cross-bridge with actin binding sites
- ATP binds to the myosin heads and breaks the cross-bridge
- The hydrolysis of ATP causes the myosin heads to change shape and swivel - this moves them towards the next actin binding site
- The movement of the myosin heads cause the actin filaments to slide over the myosin filaments, shortening the length of the sarcomere
- Via the repeated hydrolysis of ATP, the skeletal muscle will contract
Symptoms
- Pain. Your joint may hurt during or after movement.
- Tenderness. Your joint may feel tender when you apply light pressure to it.
- Stiffness. Joint stiffness may be most noticeable when you wake up in the morning or after a period of inactivity.
- Loss of flexibility. You may not be able to move your joint through its full range of motion.
- Grating sensation. You may hear or feel a grating sensation when you use the joint.
- Bone spurs. These extra bits of bone, which feel like hard lumps, may form around the affected joint.
Osteoarthritis symptoms may be helped by certain medications, including:
- Acetaminophen.Acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) can relieve pain, but it doesn't reduce inflammation. It has been shown to be effective for people with osteoarthritis who have mild to moderate pain. Taking more than the recommended dosage of acetaminophen can cause liver damage.
- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). NSAIDs may reduce inflammation and relieve pain. Over-the-counter NSAIDs include ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen (Aleve, others). Stronger NSAIDs are available by prescription. NSAIDs can cause stomach upset, ringing in your ears, cardiovascular problems, bleeding problems, and liver and kidney damage. They should not be used by people over 65 years of age and those who have stomach bleeding. Topical NSAIDS have fewer side effects and may relieve pain just as well.
- Frequent falls
- Difficulty getting up from a lying or sitting position
- Trouble running and jumping
- Waddling gait
- Walking on the toes
- Large calf muscles
- Muscle pain and stiffness
- Learning disabilities
- Corticosteroids, such as prednisone, which can help improve muscle strength and delay the progression of certain types of muscular dystrophy. But prolonged use of these types of drugs can cause weight gain and weaken bones, increasing fracture risk.
- Heart medications, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or beta blockers, if muscular dystrophy damages the heart.