Mining!
Mining types and Fracking
Surface Mining.
Surface mining includes strip mining, the process of removing a mineral deposit from the Earth after first removing the layer of Earth above it, open pit mining, cutting benches into the walls of a broad, deep funnel-shaped excavation, and also mountaintop removal, the removal of the tops of mountains, gathering coal from it in the process (occasionally called strip mining on steroids.
Strip mining
Strip mining completely ruins land and also ruins ecosystems.
Open-pit mining
This causes the relocation of extra rock and can often flood, these areas are extremely dangerous and the extra rock is moved, ruining other areas.
Mountaintop removal
Mountaintop removal literally removes land features and destroys ecosystems.
Subsurface Mining.
Subsurface mining is mining below the surface, these methods include shaft mining, the process of drilling down into the earth and carving out shafts to mine in with limited access, slope mining is drilling at a steady incline, creating a tunnel before leveling out and mining out the coal where you find it (good for mine carts), and there's also drift mining, which is simply drilling straight into the earth without any slope until you hit a coal pocket, usually through the bases of mountains.
Shaft mining
In shaft mining, the people drill down and while this leaves some stone to be moved, it's still somewhat better for the ecosystem.
Slope mining
slope mining can cause instability, but it's much better for both the environment, but it's a little worse for money.
Drift mining
This method displaces stone and hurts the environment. slightly, also causing slight instability
Fracking!
Fracking,
is the process of sending high speed water with chemicals into the earth, cracking it and removing minerals, but the chemicals can be left underground and sometimes pollute the water source.