Chemistry of life
Demian Rosales And Jada Richardson
Characteristics of water
- Water is attracted to other substances. (adhesion)
- Water is also attracted to substances of the same kind. (cohesion)
- Water is polar so it allows many other substances to dissolve in water. (polarity)
- Water absorbs heat more slowly and keeps the energy for a long amount of time. (heat storage)
- Water has the number seven on the scale that measures how acidic something is. (pH scale)
- When salt is evenly distributed in water it makes a salt water solution. (solutions)
water molecule
the atoms of water (1 hydrogen 2 oxygen)
surface tension
a bug crawling on top of water
Adhesion
water staying on a spider web
Macromolecules
- Macromolecules are molecules that contain very large numbers of atoms, such as proteins, nucleic acids, etc.
- There are four types of macromolecules.
- The four types of macromolecules are proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates.
- All organic macromolecules have carbon in them.
Proteins
- Collagen is a protein that is found in skin.
Lipids
- This butter is considered as a saturated fatty-acid.
Carbohydrates
- The items in this image are a type of carbohydrate called polysaccharide.
Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
- Carbohydrates are a key source of energy.
- Carbohydrates are a type of macromolecules.
- Building blocks of carbohydrates are single sugars called monosaccharides.
- Types of carbohydrates are simple and complex.
- Three functions of carbohydrates are to provide energy and regulate blood glucose, dietary fiber, and breakdown of fatty acids.
- Three examples of carbohydrates are pasta, bread, and candy.
- carbohydrates are a key source of energy for the body.
- monosaccharides are the primary source of energy for the body and di-saccharides is a another type of energy
- polysaccharides are chained in three in hundreds.
Monosaccharides
- Monosaccharides are a single sugar.
Disaccharides
- Disaccharides are two sugars.
Polysaccharides
- Polysaccharides are 3 sugars in a chain of hundreds.
Proteins
- Proteins are built up of amino acids.
- Twenty different amino acids can be found in proteins.
- Proteins fold into compact shapes which determines how the proteins amino acids interact with water and one another.
- Two types of proteins are hemoglobin and collagen.
- Anti-bodies are also a protein, they help your body to fight off infections.
Collagen
Collagen is found in skin, ligaments, tendons, and bones, it gives strength to various structures of the body.
Hemoglobin
- Hemoglobin carries oxygen from your you lungs to body tissues.
Anti-bodies
- Anti-bodies help to make your body immune to infections and diseases.
Lipids
- Lipids are different types of fats that store energy.
- Types of lipids are saturated and unsaturated acids.
- Unsaturated fats are liquids at room temperature.
- Saturated fats are solid at room temperature.
- Other lipids include some light absorbing compounds called pigments.
- Lipids make up the outer layer of skin.
Pigments
- Pigments in lipids are absorbing compounds that change colors in skin.
Saturated fats
- Saturated fats are fats that stay solid at room temperature.
Unsaturated fats
- Unsaturated fats are fats that liquid at room temperature.
Nucleic acids
- A nucleic acid is a long chain of smaller molecules called nucleotides,
- A nucleotide has three parts a sugar, a base, and a phosphate group.
- There are three types of nucleic acids DNA, RNA, and ATP.
- DNA stores hereditary information.
- RNA acts as an enzyme, promoting the chemical reactions that link amino acids to form proteins.
- ATP breaks down food molecules inside of cells, some of the energy is temporarily stored in ATP.
DNA
- DNA is a nucleic acid that stores hereditary information.
RNA
- RNA is a nucleic acid that acts as an enzyme.
ATP
- ATP temporarily stores energy.
Enzymes
- Enzymes are molecules that are organic in nature and cause chemical reactions.
- Every enzyme has a function that is determined by its shape.
- Enzymes react with substrates at a active site.
- high temperature cause the kinetic energy to increase causing more chemical reactions.
- Low temperature cause slower kinetic energy that slows down the chemical reaction.
- When the PH increases, enzyme activity increase til it hits an optimal point.
Enzyme, active site and substrate
- the substrate hits the enzyme's active site which cause a chemical reaction.
How temperature affects enzymes
- Temperature affects enzymes by increasing the rate at which they react.
How PH affects enzymes
- Shows how the more PH has it increases the reaction, until it hits a optimal PH.