Human Body Systems
Kimberly Jackson
Digestive System
Organs in the Digestive System
Esophagus- Muscular tube connecting the mouth to the stomach.
Stomach- Muscular pouch like organ where involuntary muscular churning and chemical digestion occurs.
Small Intestine- Narrow muscular tube where digestion of food is completed with the help of enzymes secreted by the liver and pancreas.
Large Intestines- Muscular tube where water and salts are absorbed; Material spends 18-24 hours here.
Anus- Helps waste exit the body.
Liver- Produces bile, a substance that helps break down fats.
Pancreas- Secretes enzymes to help break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
Gallbladder- Stores bile produced by the liver.
Digestion
Compounds are contained in the food we eat, these compounds are not all suitable for human tissues. Our bodies break down and reassemble these compounds so that we can use them.
In order for food molecules to be absorbed, they have to be small enough. Larger food molecules need to be broken down into smaller molecules in order for absorption.
-Enzymes in digestion:
Enzymes break down large food molecules into smaller ones, speed up the process of digestion by lowering the activation energy for the reaction. Enzymes work at body temperature.
Two major disorders
Acid Reflux- Heartburn/acid ingestion causes stomach acid to become backed up into the esophagus and creates a burning sensation/ sour taste in mouth. Signs include; heartburn, chest pain, difficulty swallowing, dry cough, and sore/dry throat. Treatments range from over the counter remedies to surgery.
Excretory System
Two major disorders
Urethritis- an inflammation of the urethra caused by a bacterial or viral infection. Signs of urethritis vary between genders. Signs in men include blood in the urine or semen, burning during urination, discharge, frequent urination, pain and swelling of the penis and pain during ejaculation. Signs in women include abdominal pain, pain during urination, fever, chills, frequent urination, pain in the pelvis and vaginal discharge. Can be treated with antibiotics and some pain medications.
Circulatory System
Blood enter the heart through two large veins (inferior and superior vena cava).
Organs in the Circulatory system
capillaries- one cell layer thick wall, pores, very narrow lumen.
veins- thin layers of elastic and muscle fibers, thin walls, thin outer layer, wide lumen
plasma- mixture of proteins, enzymes, nutrients, wastes, hormones, and gases.
erythrocytes- red blood cells, production of RBC's. Formed through cell transformations.
leukocytes- white blood cells, production of WBC's. Begins when some types of haemocytoblast differentiate into 3 types of committed cells.
platelets- small fragments of bone marrow cells. not really classified as cells, stops bleeding, promotes blood clotting, dissolves blood clots, digests/destroys bacteria, secretes chemicals, and secretes growth factors.
Two major disorders
Deep vein thrombosis- occurs when blood clots form in one of the deep veins. Signs include; leg pain, swelling, skin discoloration, shortness of breath, and pain with deep breathing. Prevention of a growing clot, a clot breaking off, recurring blood clots, and avoiding lasting complications can prevent this disease.
Respiratory System
Oxygen enters the blood from lungs, Carbon dioxide is expelled out of the blood into lungs. Blood serves to transport both gases. Oxygen is carried to cells. Carbon dioxide is carried away from cells.
Organs in the Respiratory System
Two major disorders
Tuberculosis- an infectious disease, signs include fever night sweats, weight loss, and spitting blood. Also treated by various combinations of antibiotics.
Immune System
Organs in the immune system
Active immunity- immunity that occurs after the body responds to an antigen.
Passive immunity- immunity that occurs without the body undergoing an immune response.
Antigen- protein maker that helps the immune system identify foreign particles.
Antibody- protein produced by B cells that aids in the destruction of pathogens.
Antibiotics
Major disorders
HIV/AIDS- hiv is a virus that is spread through body fluids that affect specific cells of the immune system, hiv leads to aids. Signs include fever, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, diarrhea, weight loss, cough shortness of breath. Treatments include various medicines.
Endocrine System
Homeostasis- the tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements.
Negative Feedback- compare current conditions to set ranges, and counteracts change.
Type I Diabetes/ Type II Diabetes
Type II diabetes- body is not using insulin right. Signs include frequent urination, extreme hunger, weight loss, fatigue, weakness, and blurred vision. Treatment, healthy eating, and physical activity.
Skeletal System
Organs in the Skeletal system
Ligaments- tough band of tissue attaching one bone to another.
Muscles-
Tendons- thick bands of tissue connecting muscle to bone.
Nerves-
Two major disorders
Tendinitis- Overuse or injury of the tendons results in inflammation and pain. Signs include pain, and swelling. Treatments, resting, ice, and modifying activities.
Muscular System
Action potential from a motor neuron triggers the release of Ca^2+ ions. Calcium ions expose the myosin heads by binding to a blocking molecule causing it to move myosin heads for a cross-bridge with actin binding sites. The movement of the myosin heads cause the actin filaments to slide over the other myosin filament. Shortening the length of the sarcomere. Repeating of the hydrolysis of ATP causes the skeletal muscle to contract.
Types of Muscle
Skeletal- attaches to and moves bones (voluntary muscle)
Smooth- found on walls of internal organs and blood vessels (involuntary muscle)
Two major disorders
Talipes (flat feet)- weakening of leg muscles that support the arch, downward pressure on the foot eventually flattens out the arches. Condition can be helped by exercise, massage and corrective shoes.
Nervous System
Organs in the Nervous system
Cerebral Hemispheres-
Diencephalon-
Brain Stem-
Cerebellum-
Central Nervous system- made up of the brain and spinal cord and coordinates your body's activities (Brain, Brain Stem, Spinal Cord)
Peripheral Nervous system- made up of the nerves whig carries messages to and from the central nervous system. (Somatic never system, Automatic nerve system)
Two major disorders
Aphasia- the loss of speech, can occur after a stroke or brain injury.
Reproductive System
The basic function of spermatogenesis is to turn each one of the diploid spermatogonium into four haploid sperm cells. Oogenesis involves the formation of haploid cells from an original diploid cell, called a primary oocyte, through meiosis. The unequal cytokinesis that occurs has the advantage of providing the ovum with a much greater amount of cytoplasm and stored food than if an equal division were to occur.
Two major disorders
Pelvic inflammatory disease- the female abdominal cavity has a direct anatomical path from the outside world via the female reproductive tract. Signs include pain or tenderness in the stomach, or pain in upper right abdomen. Can be treated with antibiotics.