African National Congress
Nicole Francis
Mission
Deems itself a force of national liberation in the post-apartheid era
"disciplined force to the left"
Main opposition to the government during apartheid, played major role in peace-making
Tripartite Alliance: Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU), South African Communist Party (SACP)
also allied with: South African Indian National Congress, South African Congress of Democrats, and Coloured People's Congress
"Forget all the past differences among Africans and unite in one national organization."
Events
1923 changes name to African National Congress (ANC)
1940s becomes mass movement and effective
1950s Defiance Campaign
1955 Congress of People adopt Freedom Charter, sent volunteers to collect freedom demands
1960 Sharpeville Massacre 69 people killed by police in anti-apartheid protest
1990 no longer banned in South Africa
2008 members removed from US terrorism watch list
John Dube
First President 1912-1917
Sol Plaatje
among founding members, poet and author
Nelson Mandela
ANC President 1990-1999
Inkatha Freedom Party
between 1985 and 1989, 5,000 civilians were killed in fighting between the two parties
Shell Massacre and Boipatong Massacre
Umkhonto we Sizwe
founded in 1961 with South African Communist Party
translated to "Spear of the Nation", also called MKmilitary wing of the ANC
founded after the Sharpeville Massacre
several members turned to violence and acts of terrorism justified their acts by the end goal
created a divide between peaceful members and violent
committed several acts of terrorism: Magoo's Bar bombing, Church Street Bombing