Genetics
Ashlee Hunt
Structure of DNA
Gregor Mendel
Father of Genetics
Structure of RNA
Traits/Heredity
- Trait: an inherited characteristic
- Ex. Blue Eyes
- Heredity: process in which qualities are passed on from parent to child
- Ex. hairline
Dominant and Recessive
Dominant traits will show up in the offspring; whereas, a recessive will not unless two are passed down by the parents.
Dominant: Brown Eyes-------------Recessive: Blue eyes
Genotype
allele with allele combination
Punnett Squares
Phenotype
characteristic
Homozygous/Heterozygous
Homozygous: having two of the same alleles
Ex. BB, bb
Heterozygous: having two different alleles
Ex. Bb
X Linked Disorders
caused by gene alteration of the x chromosome
Ex. muscular dystrophy, hemophilia
Protein Synthesis
- DNA encodes for production of amino acids and protein
- Transcription: process of making a RNA copy of a gene sequence
- Translation: process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA molecule to a sequence of amino acids and proteins
Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering is the process of manually adding new DNA to an organism. The goal is to add one or more new traits that are not already found in that organism. Ex. insulin
Mitosis
Cell process in which chromosomes in a nucleus are separated into 2 identical sets; asxual
Meiosis
The daughter cells divide again, splitting up sister chromotids to form haploid gametes; sexual
Gametes
Mature sexual reproduction cell
Ex. Sperm and Egg
Haploid & Diploid
Haploid: only one set of chromosomes
Diploid: paired chromosomes, one set from each parent
Mutations
Natural process that changes DNA sequence
- insertion: extra base pairs are inserted into a new place
- deletion: base pairs are taken out of DNA strand
- substitution: exchanges one base pair for another